DeclTemplate.h

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//===- DeclTemplate.h - Classes for representing C++ templates --*- C++ -*-===//
//
// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
//
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
//
/// \file
/// Defines the C++ template declaration subclasses.
//
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
 
#ifndef LLVM_CLANG_AST_DECLTEMPLATE_H
#define LLVM_CLANG_AST_DECLTEMPLATE_H
 
#include "clang/AST/ASTConcept.h"
#include "clang/AST/ASTContext.h"
#include "clang/AST/Decl.h"
#include "clang/AST/DeclBase.h"
#include "clang/AST/DeclCXX.h"
#include "clang/AST/DeclFriend.h"
#include "clang/AST/DeclarationName.h"
#include "clang/AST/Redeclarable.h"
#include "clang/AST/TemplateBase.h"
#include "clang/AST/Type.h"
#include "clang/Basic/LLVM.h"
#include "clang/Basic/SourceLocation.h"
#include "clang/Basic/Specifiers.h"
#include "clang/Basic/TemplateKinds.h"
#include "llvm/ADT/ArrayRef.h"
#include "llvm/ADT/FoldingSet.h"
#include "llvm/ADT/PointerIntPair.h"
#include "llvm/ADT/PointerUnion.h"
#include "llvm/ADT/iterator.h"
#include "llvm/ADT/iterator_range.h"
#include "llvm/Support/Casting.h"
#include "llvm/Support/Compiler.h"
#include "llvm/Support/TrailingObjects.h"
#include <cassert>
#include <cstddef>
#include <cstdint>
#include <iterator>
#include <optional>
#include <utility>
 
namespace clang {
 
enum BuiltinTemplateKind : int;
class ClassTemplateDecl;
class ClassTemplatePartialSpecializationDecl;
class Expr;
class FunctionTemplateDecl;
class IdentifierInfo;
class NonTypeTemplateParmDecl;
class TemplateDecl;
class TemplateTemplateParmDecl;
class TemplateTypeParmDecl;
class ConceptDecl;
class UnresolvedSetImpl;
class VarTemplateDecl;
class VarTemplatePartialSpecializationDecl;
 
/// Stores a template parameter of any kind.
using TemplateParameter =
    llvm::PointerUnion<TemplateTypeParmDecl *, NonTypeTemplateParmDecl *,
                       TemplateTemplateParmDecl *>;
 
NamedDecl *getAsNamedDecl(TemplateParameter P);
 
/// Stores a list of template parameters for a TemplateDecl and its
/// derived classes.
class TemplateParameterList final
    : private llvm::TrailingObjects<TemplateParameterList, NamedDecl *,
                                    Expr *> {
  /// The template argument list of the template parameter list.
  TemplateArgument *InjectedArgs = nullptr;
 
  /// The location of the 'template' keyword.
  SourceLocation TemplateLoc;
 
  /// The locations of the '<' and '>' angle brackets.
  SourceLocation LAngleLoc, RAngleLoc;
 
  /// The number of template parameters in this template
  /// parameter list.
  unsigned NumParams : 29;
 
  /// Whether this template parameter list contains an unexpanded parameter
  /// pack.
  LLVM_PREFERRED_TYPE(bool)
  unsigned ContainsUnexpandedParameterPack : 1;
 
  /// Whether this template parameter list has a requires clause.
  LLVM_PREFERRED_TYPE(bool)
  unsigned HasRequiresClause : 1;
 
  /// Whether any of the template parameters has constrained-parameter
  /// constraint-expression.
  LLVM_PREFERRED_TYPE(bool)
  unsigned HasConstrainedParameters : 1;
 
protected:
  TemplateParameterList(const ASTContext& C, SourceLocation TemplateLoc,
                        SourceLocation LAngleLoc, ArrayRef<NamedDecl *> Params,
                        SourceLocation RAngleLoc, Expr *RequiresClause);
 
  size_t numTrailingObjects(OverloadToken<NamedDecl *>) const {
    return NumParams;
  }
 
  size_t numTrailingObjects(OverloadToken<Expr *>) const {
    return HasRequiresClause ? 1 : 0;
  }
 
public:
  template <size_t N, bool HasRequiresClause>
  friend class FixedSizeTemplateParameterListStorage;
  friend TrailingObjects;
 
  static TemplateParameterList *Create(const ASTContext &C,
                                       SourceLocation TemplateLoc,
                                       SourceLocation LAngleLoc,
                                       ArrayRef<NamedDecl *> Params,
                                       SourceLocation RAngleLoc,
                                       Expr *RequiresClause);
 
  void Profile(llvm::FoldingSetNodeID &ID, const ASTContext &C) const;
 
  /// Iterates through the template parameters in this list.
  using iterator = NamedDecl **;
 
  /// Iterates through the template parameters in this list.
  using const_iterator = NamedDecl * const *;
 
  iterator begin() { return getTrailingObjects<NamedDecl *>(); }
  const_iterator begin() const { return getTrailingObjects<NamedDecl *>(); }
  iterator end() { return begin() + NumParams; }
  const_iterator end() const { return begin() + NumParams; }
 
  unsigned size() const { return NumParams; }
  bool empty() const { return NumParams == 0; }
 
  ArrayRef<NamedDecl *> asArray() { return {begin(), end()}; }
  ArrayRef<const NamedDecl *> asArray() const { return {begin(), size()}; }
 
  NamedDecl* getParam(unsigned Idx) {
    assert(Idx < size() && "Template parameter index out-of-range");
    return begin()[Idx];
  }
  const NamedDecl* getParam(unsigned Idx) const {
    assert(Idx < size() && "Template parameter index out-of-range");
    return begin()[Idx];
  }
 
  /// Returns the minimum number of arguments needed to form a
  /// template specialization.
  ///
  /// This may be fewer than the number of template parameters, if some of
  /// the parameters have default arguments or if there is a parameter pack.
  unsigned getMinRequiredArguments() const;
 
  /// Get the depth of this template parameter list in the set of
  /// template parameter lists.
  ///
  /// The first template parameter list in a declaration will have depth 0,
  /// the second template parameter list will have depth 1, etc.
  unsigned getDepth() const;
 
  /// Determine whether this template parameter list contains an
  /// unexpanded parameter pack.
  bool containsUnexpandedParameterPack() const;
 
  /// Determine whether this template parameter list contains a parameter pack.
  bool hasParameterPack() const {
    for (const NamedDecl *P : asArray())
      if (P->isParameterPack())
        return true;
    return false;
  }
 
  /// The constraint-expression of the associated requires-clause.
  Expr *getRequiresClause() {
    return HasRequiresClause ? getTrailingObjects<Expr *>()[0] : nullptr;
  }
 
  /// The constraint-expression of the associated requires-clause.
  const Expr *getRequiresClause() const {
    return HasRequiresClause ? getTrailingObjects<Expr *>()[0] : nullptr;
  }
 
  /// \brief All associated constraints derived from this template parameter
  /// list, including the requires clause and any constraints derived from
  /// constrained-parameters.
  ///
  /// The constraints in the resulting list are to be treated as if in a
  /// conjunction ("and").
  void getAssociatedConstraints(
      llvm::SmallVectorImpl<AssociatedConstraint> &AC) const;
 
  bool hasAssociatedConstraints() const;
 
  /// Get the template argument list of the template parameter list.
  ArrayRef<TemplateArgument> getInjectedTemplateArgs(const ASTContext &Context);
 
  SourceLocation getTemplateLoc() const { return TemplateLoc; }
  SourceLocation getLAngleLoc() const { return LAngleLoc; }
  SourceLocation getRAngleLoc() const { return RAngleLoc; }
 
  SourceRange getSourceRange() const LLVM_READONLY {
    return SourceRange(TemplateLoc, RAngleLoc);
  }
 
  void print(raw_ostream &Out, const ASTContext &Context,
             bool OmitTemplateKW = false) const;
  void print(raw_ostream &Out, const ASTContext &Context,
             const PrintingPolicy &Policy, bool OmitTemplateKW = false) const;
 
  static bool shouldIncludeTypeForArgument(const PrintingPolicy &Policy,
                                           const TemplateParameterList *TPL,
                                           unsigned Idx);
};
 
/// Stores a list of template parameters and the associated
/// requires-clause (if any) for a TemplateDecl and its derived classes.
/// Suitable for creating on the stack.
template <size_t N, bool HasRequiresClause>
class FixedSizeTemplateParameterListStorage
    : public TemplateParameterList::FixedSizeStorageOwner {
  typename TemplateParameterList::FixedSizeStorage<
      NamedDecl *, Expr *>::with_counts<
      N, HasRequiresClause ? 1u : 0u
      >::type storage;
 
public:
  FixedSizeTemplateParameterListStorage(const ASTContext &C,
                                        SourceLocation TemplateLoc,
                                        SourceLocation LAngleLoc,
                                        ArrayRef<NamedDecl *> Params,
                                        SourceLocation RAngleLoc,
                                        Expr *RequiresClause)
      : FixedSizeStorageOwner(
            (assert(N == Params.size()),
             assert(HasRequiresClause == (RequiresClause != nullptr)),
             new (static_cast<void *>(&storage)) TemplateParameterList(C,
                 TemplateLoc, LAngleLoc, Params, RAngleLoc, RequiresClause))) {}
};
 
/// A template argument list.
class TemplateArgumentList final
    : private llvm::TrailingObjects<TemplateArgumentList, TemplateArgument> {
  /// The number of template arguments in this template
  /// argument list.
  unsigned NumArguments;
 
  // Constructs an instance with an internal Argument list, containing
  // a copy of the Args array. (Called by CreateCopy)
  TemplateArgumentList(ArrayRef<TemplateArgument> Args);
 
public:
  friend TrailingObjects;
 
  TemplateArgumentList(const TemplateArgumentList &) = delete;
  TemplateArgumentList &operator=(const TemplateArgumentList &) = delete;
 
  /// Create a new template argument list that copies the given set of
  /// template arguments.
  static TemplateArgumentList *CreateCopy(ASTContext &Context,
                                          ArrayRef<TemplateArgument> Args);
 
  /// Retrieve the template argument at a given index.
  const TemplateArgument &get(unsigned Idx) const {
    assert(Idx < NumArguments && "Invalid template argument index");
    return data()[Idx];
  }
 
  /// Retrieve the template argument at a given index.
  const TemplateArgument &operator[](unsigned Idx) const { return get(Idx); }
 
  /// Produce this as an array ref.
  ArrayRef<TemplateArgument> asArray() const {
    return getTrailingObjects(size());
  }
 
  /// Retrieve the number of template arguments in this
  /// template argument list.
  unsigned size() const { return NumArguments; }
 
  /// Retrieve a pointer to the template argument list.
  const TemplateArgument *data() const { return getTrailingObjects(); }
};
 
void *allocateDefaultArgStorageChain(const ASTContext &C);
 
/// Storage for a default argument. This is conceptually either empty, or an
/// argument value, or a pointer to a previous declaration that had a default
/// argument.
///
/// However, this is complicated by modules: while we require all the default
/// arguments for a template to be equivalent, there may be more than one, and
/// we need to track all the originating parameters to determine if the default
/// argument is visible.
template<typename ParmDecl, typename ArgType>
class DefaultArgStorage {
  /// Storage for both the value *and* another parameter from which we inherit
  /// the default argument. This is used when multiple default arguments for a
  /// parameter are merged together from different modules.
  struct Chain {
    ParmDecl *PrevDeclWithDefaultArg;
    ArgType Value;
  };
  static_assert(sizeof(Chain) == sizeof(void *) * 2,
                "non-pointer argument type?");
 
  llvm::PointerUnion<ArgType, ParmDecl*, Chain*> ValueOrInherited;
 
  static ParmDecl *getParmOwningDefaultArg(ParmDecl *Parm) {
    const DefaultArgStorage &Storage = Parm->getDefaultArgStorage();
    if (auto *Prev = Storage.ValueOrInherited.template dyn_cast<ParmDecl *>())
      Parm = Prev;
    assert(!isa<ParmDecl *>(Parm->getDefaultArgStorage().ValueOrInherited) &&
           "should only be one level of indirection");
    return Parm;
  }
 
public:
  DefaultArgStorage() : ValueOrInherited(ArgType()) {}
 
  /// Determine whether there is a default argument for this parameter.
  bool isSet() const { return !ValueOrInherited.isNull(); }
 
  /// Determine whether the default argument for this parameter was inherited
  /// from a previous declaration of the same entity.
  bool isInherited() const { return isa<ParmDecl *>(ValueOrInherited); }
 
  /// Get the default argument's value. This does not consider whether the
  /// default argument is visible.
  ArgType get() const {
    const DefaultArgStorage *Storage = this;
    if (const auto *Prev = ValueOrInherited.template dyn_cast<ParmDecl *>())
      Storage = &Prev->getDefaultArgStorage();
    if (const auto *C = Storage->ValueOrInherited.template dyn_cast<Chain *>())
      return C->Value;
    return cast<ArgType>(Storage->ValueOrInherited);
  }
 
  /// Get the parameter from which we inherit the default argument, if any.
  /// This is the parameter on which the default argument was actually written.
  const ParmDecl *getInheritedFrom() const {
    if (const auto *D = ValueOrInherited.template dyn_cast<ParmDecl *>())
      return D;
    if (const auto *C = ValueOrInherited.template dyn_cast<Chain *>())
      return C->PrevDeclWithDefaultArg;
    return nullptr;
  }
 
  /// Set the default argument.
  void set(ArgType Arg) {
    assert(!isSet() && "default argument already set");
    ValueOrInherited = Arg;
  }
 
  /// Set that the default argument was inherited from another parameter.
  void setInherited(const ASTContext &C, ParmDecl *InheritedFrom) {
    InheritedFrom = getParmOwningDefaultArg(InheritedFrom);
    if (!isSet())
      ValueOrInherited = InheritedFrom;
    else if ([[maybe_unused]] auto *D =
                 dyn_cast<ParmDecl *>(ValueOrInherited)) {
      assert(C.isSameDefaultTemplateArgument(D, InheritedFrom));
      ValueOrInherited =
          new (allocateDefaultArgStorageChain(C)) Chain{InheritedFrom, get()};
    } else if (auto *Inherited = dyn_cast<Chain *>(ValueOrInherited)) {
      assert(C.isSameDefaultTemplateArgument(Inherited->PrevDeclWithDefaultArg,
                                             InheritedFrom));
      Inherited->PrevDeclWithDefaultArg = InheritedFrom;
    } else
      ValueOrInherited = new (allocateDefaultArgStorageChain(C))
          Chain{InheritedFrom, cast<ArgType>(ValueOrInherited)};
  }
 
  /// Remove the default argument, even if it was inherited.
  void clear() {
    ValueOrInherited = ArgType();
  }
};
 
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
// Kinds of Templates
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
 
/// \brief The base class of all kinds of template declarations (e.g.,
/// class, function, etc.).
///
/// The TemplateDecl class stores the list of template parameters and a
/// reference to the templated scoped declaration: the underlying AST node.
class TemplateDecl : public NamedDecl {
  void anchor() override;
 
protected:
  // Construct a template decl with name, parameters, and templated element.
  TemplateDecl(Kind DK, DeclContext *DC, SourceLocation L, DeclarationName Name,
               TemplateParameterList *Params, NamedDecl *Decl);
 
  // Construct a template decl with the given name and parameters.
  // Used when there is no templated element (e.g., for tt-params).
  TemplateDecl(Kind DK, DeclContext *DC, SourceLocation L, DeclarationName Name,
               TemplateParameterList *Params)
      : TemplateDecl(DK, DC, L, Name, Params, nullptr) {}
 
public:
  friend class ASTDeclReader;
  friend class ASTDeclWriter;
 
  /// Get the list of template parameters
  TemplateParameterList *getTemplateParameters() const {
    return TemplateParams;
  }
 
  /// \brief Get the total constraint-expression associated with this template,
  /// including constraint-expressions derived from the requires-clause,
  /// trailing requires-clause (for functions and methods) and constrained
  /// template parameters.
  void getAssociatedConstraints(
      llvm::SmallVectorImpl<AssociatedConstraint> &AC) const;
 
  bool hasAssociatedConstraints() const;
 
  /// Get the underlying, templated declaration.
  NamedDecl *getTemplatedDecl() const { return TemplatedDecl; }
 
  // Should a specialization behave like an alias for another type.
  bool isTypeAlias() const;
 
  // Implement isa/cast/dyncast/etc.
  static bool classof(const Decl *D) { return classofKind(D->getKind()); }
 
  static bool classofKind(Kind K) {
    return K >= firstTemplate && K <= lastTemplate;
  }
 
  SourceRange getSourceRange() const override LLVM_READONLY {
    return SourceRange(getTemplateParameters()->getTemplateLoc(),
                       TemplatedDecl->getSourceRange().getEnd());
  }
 
protected:
  NamedDecl *TemplatedDecl;
  TemplateParameterList *TemplateParams;
 
public:
  void setTemplateParameters(TemplateParameterList *TParams) {
    TemplateParams = TParams;
  }
 
  /// Initialize the underlying templated declaration.
  void init(NamedDecl *NewTemplatedDecl) {
    if (TemplatedDecl)
      assert(TemplatedDecl == NewTemplatedDecl && "Inconsistent TemplatedDecl");
    else
      TemplatedDecl = NewTemplatedDecl;
  }
};
 
/// Provides information about a function template specialization,
/// which is a FunctionDecl that has been explicitly specialization or
/// instantiated from a function template.
class FunctionTemplateSpecializationInfo final
    : public llvm::FoldingSetNode,
      private llvm::TrailingObjects<FunctionTemplateSpecializationInfo,
                                    MemberSpecializationInfo *> {
  /// The function template specialization that this structure describes and a
  /// flag indicating if the function is a member specialization.
  llvm::PointerIntPair<FunctionDecl *, 1, bool> Function;
 
  /// The function template from which this function template
  /// specialization was generated.
  ///
  /// The two bits contain the top 4 values of TemplateSpecializationKind.
  llvm::PointerIntPair<FunctionTemplateDecl *, 2> Template;
 
public:
  /// The template arguments used to produce the function template
  /// specialization from the function template.
  TemplateArgumentList *TemplateArguments;
 
  /// The template arguments as written in the sources, if provided.
  /// FIXME: Normally null; tail-allocate this.
  const ASTTemplateArgumentListInfo *TemplateArgumentsAsWritten;
 
  /// The point at which this function template specialization was
  /// first instantiated.
  SourceLocation PointOfInstantiation;
 
private:
  FunctionTemplateSpecializationInfo(
      FunctionDecl *FD, FunctionTemplateDecl *Template,
      TemplateSpecializationKind TSK, TemplateArgumentList *TemplateArgs,
      const ASTTemplateArgumentListInfo *TemplateArgsAsWritten,
      SourceLocation POI, MemberSpecializationInfo *MSInfo)
      : Function(FD, MSInfo ? true : false), Template(Template, TSK - 1),
        TemplateArguments(TemplateArgs),
        TemplateArgumentsAsWritten(TemplateArgsAsWritten),
        PointOfInstantiation(POI) {
    if (MSInfo)
      getTrailingObjects()[0] = MSInfo;
  }
 
  size_t numTrailingObjects() const { return Function.getInt(); }
 
public:
  friend TrailingObjects;
 
  static FunctionTemplateSpecializationInfo *
  Create(ASTContext &C, FunctionDecl *FD, FunctionTemplateDecl *Template,
         TemplateSpecializationKind TSK, TemplateArgumentList *TemplateArgs,
         const TemplateArgumentListInfo *TemplateArgsAsWritten,
         SourceLocation POI, MemberSpecializationInfo *MSInfo);
 
  /// Retrieve the declaration of the function template specialization.
  FunctionDecl *getFunction() const { return Function.getPointer(); }
 
  /// Retrieve the template from which this function was specialized.
  FunctionTemplateDecl *getTemplate() const { return Template.getPointer(); }
 
  /// Determine what kind of template specialization this is.
  TemplateSpecializationKind getTemplateSpecializationKind() const {
    return (TemplateSpecializationKind)(Template.getInt() + 1);
  }
 
  bool isExplicitSpecialization() const {
    return getTemplateSpecializationKind() == TSK_ExplicitSpecialization;
  }
 
  /// True if this declaration is an explicit specialization,
  /// explicit instantiation declaration, or explicit instantiation
  /// definition.
  bool isExplicitInstantiationOrSpecialization() const {
    return isTemplateExplicitInstantiationOrSpecialization(
        getTemplateSpecializationKind());
  }
 
  /// Set the template specialization kind.
  void setTemplateSpecializationKind(TemplateSpecializationKind TSK) {
    assert(TSK != TSK_Undeclared &&
         "Cannot encode TSK_Undeclared for a function template specialization");
    Template.setInt(TSK - 1);
  }
 
  /// Retrieve the first point of instantiation of this function
  /// template specialization.
  ///
  /// The point of instantiation may be an invalid source location if this
  /// function has yet to be instantiated.
  SourceLocation getPointOfInstantiation() const {
    return PointOfInstantiation;
  }
 
  /// Set the (first) point of instantiation of this function template
  /// specialization.
  void setPointOfInstantiation(SourceLocation POI) {
    PointOfInstantiation = POI;
  }
 
  /// Get the specialization info if this function template specialization is
  /// also a member specialization:
  ///
  /// \code
  /// template<typename> struct A {
  ///   template<typename> void f();
  ///   template<> void f<int>();
  /// };
  /// \endcode
  ///
  /// Here, A<int>::f<int> is a function template specialization that is
  /// an explicit specialization of A<int>::f, but it's also a member
  /// specialization (an implicit instantiation in this case) of A::f<int>.
  /// Further:
  ///
  /// \code
  /// template<> template<> void A<int>::f<int>() {}
  /// \endcode
  ///
  /// ... declares a function template specialization that is an explicit
  /// specialization of A<int>::f, and is also an explicit member
  /// specialization of A::f<int>.
  ///
  /// Note that the TemplateSpecializationKind of the MemberSpecializationInfo
  /// need not be the same as that returned by getTemplateSpecializationKind(),
  /// and represents the relationship between the function and the class-scope
  /// explicit specialization in the original templated class -- whereas our
  /// TemplateSpecializationKind represents the relationship between the
  /// function and the function template, and should always be
  /// TSK_ExplicitSpecialization whenever we have MemberSpecializationInfo.
  MemberSpecializationInfo *getMemberSpecializationInfo() const {
    return numTrailingObjects() ? getTrailingObjects()[0] : nullptr;
  }
 
  void Profile(llvm::FoldingSetNodeID &ID) {
    Profile(ID, TemplateArguments->asArray(), getFunction()->getASTContext());
  }
 
  static void
  Profile(llvm::FoldingSetNodeID &ID, ArrayRef<TemplateArgument> TemplateArgs,
          const ASTContext &Context) {
    ID.AddInteger(TemplateArgs.size());
    for (const TemplateArgument &TemplateArg : TemplateArgs)
      TemplateArg.Profile(ID, Context);
  }
};
 
/// Provides information a specialization of a member of a class
/// template, which may be a member function, static data member,
/// member class or member enumeration.
class MemberSpecializationInfo {
  // The member declaration from which this member was instantiated, and the
  // manner in which the instantiation occurred (in the lower two bits).
  llvm::PointerIntPair<NamedDecl *, 2> MemberAndTSK;
 
  // The point at which this member was first instantiated.
  SourceLocation PointOfInstantiation;
 
public:
  explicit
  MemberSpecializationInfo(NamedDecl *IF, TemplateSpecializationKind TSK,
                           SourceLocation POI = SourceLocation())
      : MemberAndTSK(IF, TSK - 1), PointOfInstantiation(POI) {
    assert(TSK != TSK_Undeclared &&
           "Cannot encode undeclared template specializations for members");
  }
 
  /// Retrieve the member declaration from which this member was
  /// instantiated.
  NamedDecl *getInstantiatedFrom() const { return MemberAndTSK.getPointer(); }
 
  /// Determine what kind of template specialization this is.
  TemplateSpecializationKind getTemplateSpecializationKind() const {
    return (TemplateSpecializationKind)(MemberAndTSK.getInt() + 1);
  }
 
  bool isExplicitSpecialization() const {
    return getTemplateSpecializationKind() == TSK_ExplicitSpecialization;
  }
 
  /// Set the template specialization kind.
  void setTemplateSpecializationKind(TemplateSpecializationKind TSK) {
    assert(TSK != TSK_Undeclared &&
           "Cannot encode undeclared template specializations for members");
    MemberAndTSK.setInt(TSK - 1);
  }
 
  /// Retrieve the first point of instantiation of this member.
  /// If the point of instantiation is an invalid location, then this member
  /// has not yet been instantiated.
  SourceLocation getPointOfInstantiation() const {
    return PointOfInstantiation;
  }
 
  /// Set the first point of instantiation.
  void setPointOfInstantiation(SourceLocation POI) {
    PointOfInstantiation = POI;
  }
};
 
/// Provides information about a dependent function-template
/// specialization declaration.
///
/// This is used for function templates explicit specializations declared
/// within class templates:
///
/// \code
/// template<typename> struct A {
///   template<typename> void f();
///   template<> void f<int>(); // DependentFunctionTemplateSpecializationInfo
/// };
/// \endcode
///
/// As well as dependent friend declarations naming function template
/// specializations declared within class templates:
///
/// \code
///   template <class T> void foo(T);
///   template <class T> class A {
///     friend void foo<>(T); // DependentFunctionTemplateSpecializationInfo
///   };
/// \endcode
class DependentFunctionTemplateSpecializationInfo final
    : private llvm::TrailingObjects<DependentFunctionTemplateSpecializationInfo,
                                    FunctionTemplateDecl *> {
  friend TrailingObjects;
 
  /// The number of candidates for the primary template.
  unsigned NumCandidates;
 
  DependentFunctionTemplateSpecializationInfo(
      const UnresolvedSetImpl &Candidates,
      const ASTTemplateArgumentListInfo *TemplateArgsWritten);
 
public:
  /// The template arguments as written in the sources, if provided.
  const ASTTemplateArgumentListInfo *TemplateArgumentsAsWritten;
 
  static DependentFunctionTemplateSpecializationInfo *
  Create(ASTContext &Context, const UnresolvedSetImpl &Candidates,
         const TemplateArgumentListInfo *TemplateArgs);
 
  /// Returns the candidates for the primary function template.
  ArrayRef<FunctionTemplateDecl *> getCandidates() const {
    return getTrailingObjects(NumCandidates);
  }
};
 
/// Declaration of a redeclarable template.
class RedeclarableTemplateDecl : public TemplateDecl,
                                 public Redeclarable<RedeclarableTemplateDecl>
{
  using redeclarable_base = Redeclarable<RedeclarableTemplateDecl>;
 
  RedeclarableTemplateDecl *getNextRedeclarationImpl() override {
    return getNextRedeclaration();
  }
 
  RedeclarableTemplateDecl *getPreviousDeclImpl() override {
    return getPreviousDecl();
  }
 
  RedeclarableTemplateDecl *getMostRecentDeclImpl() override {
    return getMostRecentDecl();
  }
 
  void anchor() override;
 
protected:
  template <typename EntryType> struct SpecEntryTraits {
    using DeclType = EntryType;
 
    static DeclType *getDecl(EntryType *D) {
      return D;
    }
 
    static ArrayRef<TemplateArgument> getTemplateArgs(EntryType *D) {
      return D->getTemplateArgs().asArray();
    }
  };
 
  template <typename EntryType, typename SETraits = SpecEntryTraits<EntryType>,
            typename DeclType = typename SETraits::DeclType>
  struct SpecIterator
      : llvm::iterator_adaptor_base<
            SpecIterator<EntryType, SETraits, DeclType>,
            typename llvm::FoldingSetVector<EntryType>::iterator,
            typename std::iterator_traits<typename llvm::FoldingSetVector<
                EntryType>::iterator>::iterator_category,
            DeclType *, ptrdiff_t, DeclType *, DeclType *> {
    SpecIterator() = default;
    explicit SpecIterator(
        typename llvm::FoldingSetVector<EntryType>::iterator SetIter)
        : SpecIterator::iterator_adaptor_base(std::move(SetIter)) {}
 
    DeclType *operator*() const {
      return SETraits::getDecl(&*this->I)->getMostRecentDecl();
    }
 
    DeclType *operator->() const { return **this; }
  };
 
  template <typename EntryType>
  static SpecIterator<EntryType>
  makeSpecIterator(llvm::FoldingSetVector<EntryType> &Specs, bool isEnd) {
    return SpecIterator<EntryType>(isEnd ? Specs.end() : Specs.begin());
  }
 
  void loadLazySpecializationsImpl(bool OnlyPartial = false) const;
 
  bool loadLazySpecializationsImpl(ArrayRef<TemplateArgument> Args,
                                   TemplateParameterList *TPL = nullptr) const;
 
  template <class EntryType, typename... ProfileArguments>
  typename SpecEntryTraits<EntryType>::DeclType *
  findSpecializationImpl(llvm::FoldingSetVector<EntryType> &Specs,
                         llvm::FoldingSetInsertToken &InsertToken,
                         ProfileArguments... ProfileArgs);
 
  template <class EntryType, typename... ProfileArguments>
  typename SpecEntryTraits<EntryType>::DeclType *
  findSpecializationLocally(llvm::FoldingSetVector<EntryType> &Specs,
                            llvm::FoldingSetInsertToken &InsertToken,
                            ProfileArguments... ProfileArgs);
 
  template <class Derived, class EntryType>
  void addSpecializationImpl(llvm::FoldingSetVector<EntryType> &Specs,
                             EntryType *Entry,
                             llvm::FoldingSetInsertToken InsertToken);
 
  struct CommonBase {
    CommonBase() : InstantiatedFromMember(nullptr, false) {}
 
    /// The template from which this was most
    /// directly instantiated (or null).
    ///
    /// The boolean value indicates whether this template
    /// was explicitly specialized.
    llvm::PointerIntPair<RedeclarableTemplateDecl *, 1, bool>
        InstantiatedFromMember;
  };
 
  /// Pointer to the common data shared by all declarations of this
  /// template.
  mutable CommonBase *Common = nullptr;
 
  /// Retrieves the "common" pointer shared by all (re-)declarations of
  /// the same template. Calling this routine may implicitly allocate memory
  /// for the common pointer.
  CommonBase *getCommonPtr() const;
 
  virtual CommonBase *newCommon(ASTContext &C) const = 0;
 
  // Construct a template decl with name, parameters, and templated element.
  RedeclarableTemplateDecl(Kind DK, ASTContext &C, DeclContext *DC,
                           SourceLocation L, DeclarationName Name,
                           TemplateParameterList *Params, NamedDecl *Decl)
      : TemplateDecl(DK, DC, L, Name, Params, Decl), redeclarable_base(C) {}
 
public:
  friend class ASTDeclReader;
  friend class ASTDeclWriter;
  friend class ASTReader;
  template <class decl_type> friend class RedeclarableTemplate;
 
  /// Retrieves the canonical declaration of this template.
  RedeclarableTemplateDecl *getCanonicalDecl() override {
    return getFirstDecl();
  }
  const RedeclarableTemplateDecl *getCanonicalDecl() const {
    return getFirstDecl();
  }
 
  /// Determines whether this template was a specialization of a
  /// member template.
  ///
  /// In the following example, the function template \c X<int>::f and the
  /// member template \c X<int>::Inner are member specializations.
  ///
  /// \code
  /// template<typename T>
  /// struct X {
  ///   template<typename U> void f(T, U);
  ///   template<typename U> struct Inner;
  /// };
  ///
  /// template<> template<typename T>
  /// void X<int>::f(int, T);
  /// template<> template<typename T>
  /// struct X<int>::Inner { /* ... */ };
  /// \endcode
  bool isMemberSpecialization() const {
    return getCommonPtr()->InstantiatedFromMember.getInt();
  }
 
  /// Note that this member template is a specialization.
  void setMemberSpecialization() {
    assert(getCommonPtr()->InstantiatedFromMember.getPointer() &&
           "Only member templates can be member template specializations");
    getCommonPtr()->InstantiatedFromMember.setInt(true);
  }
 
  /// Retrieve the member template from which this template was
  /// instantiated, or nullptr if this template was not instantiated from a
  /// member template.
  ///
  /// A template is instantiated from a member template when the member
  /// template itself is part of a class template (or member thereof). For
  /// example, given
  ///
  /// \code
  /// template<typename T>
  /// struct X {
  ///   template<typename U> void f(T, U);
  /// };
  ///
  /// void test(X<int> x) {
  ///   x.f(1, 'a');
  /// };
  /// \endcode
  ///
  /// \c X<int>::f is a FunctionTemplateDecl that describes the function
  /// template
  ///
  /// \code
  /// template<typename U> void X<int>::f(int, U);
  /// \endcode
  ///
  /// which was itself created during the instantiation of \c X<int>. Calling
  /// getInstantiatedFromMemberTemplate() on this FunctionTemplateDecl will
  /// retrieve the FunctionTemplateDecl for the original template \c f within
  /// the class template \c X<T>, i.e.,
  ///
  /// \code
  /// template<typename T>
  /// template<typename U>
  /// void X<T>::f(T, U);
  /// \endcode
  RedeclarableTemplateDecl *getInstantiatedFromMemberTemplate() const {
    return getCommonPtr()->InstantiatedFromMember.getPointer();
  }
 
  void setInstantiatedFromMemberTemplate(RedeclarableTemplateDecl *TD) {
    assert(!getCommonPtr()->InstantiatedFromMember.getPointer());
    getCommonPtr()->InstantiatedFromMember.setPointer(TD);
  }
 
  /// Retrieve the "injected" template arguments that correspond to the
  /// template parameters of this template.
  ///
  /// Although the C++ standard has no notion of the "injected" template
  /// arguments for a template, the notion is convenient when
  /// we need to perform substitutions inside the definition of a template.
  ArrayRef<TemplateArgument>
  getInjectedTemplateArgs(const ASTContext &Context) const {
    return getTemplateParameters()->getInjectedTemplateArgs(Context);
  }
 
  using redecl_range = redeclarable_base::redecl_range;
  using redecl_iterator = redeclarable_base::redecl_iterator;
 
  using redeclarable_base::redecls_begin;
  using redeclarable_base::redecls_end;
  using redeclarable_base::redecls;
  using redeclarable_base::getPreviousDecl;
  using redeclarable_base::getMostRecentDecl;
  using redeclarable_base::isFirstDecl;
 
  // Implement isa/cast/dyncast/etc.
  static bool classof(const Decl *D) { return classofKind(D->getKind()); }
 
  static bool classofKind(Kind K) {
    return K >= firstRedeclarableTemplate && K <= lastRedeclarableTemplate;
  }
};
 
template <> struct RedeclarableTemplateDecl::
SpecEntryTraits<FunctionTemplateSpecializationInfo> {
  using DeclType = FunctionDecl;
 
  static DeclType *getDecl(FunctionTemplateSpecializationInfo *I) {
    return I->getFunction();
  }
 
  static ArrayRef<TemplateArgument>
  getTemplateArgs(FunctionTemplateSpecializationInfo *I) {
    return I->TemplateArguments->asArray();
  }
};
 
/// Declaration of a template function.
class FunctionTemplateDecl : public RedeclarableTemplateDecl {
protected:
  friend class FunctionDecl;
 
  /// Data that is common to all of the declarations of a given
  /// function template.
  struct Common : CommonBase {
    /// The function template specializations for this function
    /// template, including explicit specializations and instantiations.
    llvm::FoldingSetVector<FunctionTemplateSpecializationInfo> Specializations;
 
    Common() = default;
  };
 
  FunctionTemplateDecl(ASTContext &C, DeclContext *DC, SourceLocation L,
                       DeclarationName Name, TemplateParameterList *Params,
                       NamedDecl *Decl)
      : RedeclarableTemplateDecl(FunctionTemplate, C, DC, L, Name, Params,
                                 Decl) {}
 
  CommonBase *newCommon(ASTContext &C) const override;
 
  Common *getCommonPtr() const {
    return static_cast<Common *>(RedeclarableTemplateDecl::getCommonPtr());
  }
 
  /// Retrieve the set of function template specializations of this
  /// function template.
  llvm::FoldingSetVector<FunctionTemplateSpecializationInfo> &
  getSpecializations() const;
 
  /// Add a specialization of this function template.
  ///
  /// \param InsertToken Insert token, must have been retrieved by an earlier
  /// call to findSpecialization().
  void addSpecialization(FunctionTemplateSpecializationInfo *Info,
                         llvm::FoldingSetInsertToken InsertToken);
 
public:
  friend class ASTDeclReader;
  friend class ASTDeclWriter;
 
  /// Load any lazily-loaded specializations from the external source.
  void LoadLazySpecializations() const;
 
  /// Get the underlying function declaration of the template.
  FunctionDecl *getTemplatedDecl() const {
    return static_cast<FunctionDecl *>(TemplatedDecl);
  }
 
  /// Returns whether this template declaration defines the primary
  /// pattern.
  bool isThisDeclarationADefinition() const {
    return getTemplatedDecl()->isThisDeclarationADefinition();
  }
 
  bool isCompatibleWithDefinition() const {
    return getTemplatedDecl()->isInstantiatedFromMemberTemplate() ||
           isThisDeclarationADefinition();
  }
 
  // This bit closely tracks 'RedeclarableTemplateDecl::InstantiatedFromMember',
  // except this is per declaration, while the redeclarable field is
  // per chain. This indicates a template redeclaration which
  // is compatible with the definition, in the non-trivial case
  // where this is not already a definition.
  // This is only really needed for instantiating the definition of friend
  // function templates, which can have redeclarations in different template
  // contexts.
  // The bit is actually stored in the FunctionDecl for space efficiency
  // reasons.
  void setInstantiatedFromMemberTemplate(FunctionTemplateDecl *D) {
    getTemplatedDecl()->setInstantiatedFromMemberTemplate();
    RedeclarableTemplateDecl::setInstantiatedFromMemberTemplate(D);
  }
 
  /// Return the specialization with the provided arguments if it exists,
  /// otherwise return the insertion point.
  FunctionDecl *findSpecialization(ArrayRef<TemplateArgument> Args,
                                   llvm::FoldingSetInsertToken &InsertToken);
 
  FunctionTemplateDecl *getCanonicalDecl() override {
    return cast<FunctionTemplateDecl>(
             RedeclarableTemplateDecl::getCanonicalDecl());
  }
  const FunctionTemplateDecl *getCanonicalDecl() const {
    return cast<FunctionTemplateDecl>(
             RedeclarableTemplateDecl::getCanonicalDecl());
  }
 
  /// Retrieve the previous declaration of this function template, or
  /// nullptr if no such declaration exists.
  FunctionTemplateDecl *getPreviousDecl() {
    return cast_or_null<FunctionTemplateDecl>(
             static_cast<RedeclarableTemplateDecl *>(this)->getPreviousDecl());
  }
  const FunctionTemplateDecl *getPreviousDecl() const {
    return cast_or_null<FunctionTemplateDecl>(
       static_cast<const RedeclarableTemplateDecl *>(this)->getPreviousDecl());
  }
 
  FunctionTemplateDecl *getMostRecentDecl() {
    return cast<FunctionTemplateDecl>(
        static_cast<RedeclarableTemplateDecl *>(this)
            ->getMostRecentDecl());
  }
  const FunctionTemplateDecl *getMostRecentDecl() const {
    return const_cast<FunctionTemplateDecl*>(this)->getMostRecentDecl();
  }
 
  FunctionTemplateDecl *getInstantiatedFromMemberTemplate() const {
    return cast_or_null<FunctionTemplateDecl>(
             RedeclarableTemplateDecl::getInstantiatedFromMemberTemplate());
  }
 
  using spec_iterator = SpecIterator<FunctionTemplateSpecializationInfo>;
  using spec_range = llvm::iterator_range<spec_iterator>;
 
  spec_range specializations() const {
    return spec_range(spec_begin(), spec_end());
  }
 
  spec_iterator spec_begin() const {
    return makeSpecIterator(getSpecializations(), false);
  }
 
  spec_iterator spec_end() const {
    return makeSpecIterator(getSpecializations(), true);
  }
 
  /// Return whether this function template is an abbreviated function template,
  /// e.g. `void foo(auto x)` or `template<typename T> void foo(auto x)`
  bool isAbbreviated() const {
    // Since the invented template parameters generated from 'auto' parameters
    // are either appended to the end of the explicit template parameter list or
    // form a new template parameter list, we can simply observe the last
    // parameter to determine if such a thing happened.
    const TemplateParameterList *TPL = getTemplateParameters();
    return TPL->getParam(TPL->size() - 1)->isImplicit();
  }
 
  /// Merge \p Prev with our RedeclarableTemplateDecl::Common.
  void mergePrevDecl(FunctionTemplateDecl *Prev);
 
  /// Create a function template node.
  static FunctionTemplateDecl *Create(ASTContext &C, DeclContext *DC,
                                      SourceLocation L,
                                      DeclarationName Name,
                                      TemplateParameterList *Params,
                                      NamedDecl *Decl);
 
  /// Create an empty function template node.
  static FunctionTemplateDecl *CreateDeserialized(ASTContext &C,
                                                  GlobalDeclID ID);
 
  // Implement isa/cast/dyncast support
  static bool classof(const Decl *D) { return classofKind(D->getKind()); }
  static bool classofKind(Kind K) { return K == FunctionTemplate; }
};
 
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
// Kinds of Template Parameters
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
 
/// Defines the position of a template parameter within a template
/// parameter list.
///
/// Because template parameter can be listed
/// sequentially for out-of-line template members, each template parameter is
/// given a Depth - the nesting of template parameter scopes - and a Position -
/// the occurrence within the parameter list.
/// This class is inheritedly privately by different kinds of template
/// parameters and is not part of the Decl hierarchy. Just a facility.
class TemplateParmPosition {
protected:
  enum { DepthWidth = 20, PositionWidth = 12 };
  unsigned Depth : DepthWidth;
  unsigned Position : PositionWidth;
 
  TemplateParmPosition(int D, int P) {
    setDepth(D);
    setPosition(P);
  }
 
public:
  TemplateParmPosition() = delete;
 
  /// Get the nesting depth of the template parameter.
  unsigned getDepth() const { return Depth; }
  void setDepth(int D) {
    assert(D >= 0 && "The depth cannot be negative");
    assert(D < (1 << DepthWidth) && "The depth is too large");
    Depth = D;
  }
 
  /// Get the position of the template parameter within its parameter list.
  unsigned getPosition() const { return Position; }
  void setPosition(int P) {
    assert(P >= 0 && "The position cannot be negative");
    assert(P < (1 << PositionWidth) && "The position is too large");
    Position = P;
  }
 
  /// Get the index of the template parameter within its parameter list.
  unsigned getIndex() const { return Position; }
};
 
/// Declaration of a template type parameter.
///
/// For example, "T" in
/// \code
/// template<typename T> class vector;
/// \endcode
class TemplateTypeParmDecl final : public TypeDecl,
    private llvm::TrailingObjects<TemplateTypeParmDecl, TypeConstraint> {
  /// Sema creates these on the stack during auto type deduction.
  friend class Sema;
  friend TrailingObjects;
  friend class ASTDeclReader;
 
  /// Whether this template type parameter was declaration with
  /// the 'typename' keyword.
  ///
  /// If false, it was declared with the 'class' keyword.
  bool Typename : 1;
 
  /// Whether this template type parameter has a type-constraint construct.
  bool HasTypeConstraint : 1;
 
  /// Whether the type constraint has been initialized. This can be false if the
  /// constraint was not initialized yet or if there was an error forming the
  /// type constraint.
  bool TypeConstraintInitialized : 1;
 
  /// The number of type parameters in an expanded parameter pack, if any.
  UnsignedOrNone NumExpanded = std::nullopt;
 
  /// The default template argument, if any.
  using DefArgStorage =
      DefaultArgStorage<TemplateTypeParmDecl, TemplateArgumentLoc *>;
  DefArgStorage DefaultArgument;
 
  TemplateTypeParmDecl(DeclContext *DC, SourceLocation KeyLoc,
                       SourceLocation IdLoc, IdentifierInfo *Id, bool Typename,
                       bool HasTypeConstraint, UnsignedOrNone NumExpanded)
      : TypeDecl(TemplateTypeParm, DC, IdLoc, Id, KeyLoc), Typename(Typename),
        HasTypeConstraint(HasTypeConstraint), TypeConstraintInitialized(false),
        NumExpanded(NumExpanded) {}
 
public:
  static TemplateTypeParmDecl *
  Create(const ASTContext &C, DeclContext *DC, SourceLocation KeyLoc,
         SourceLocation NameLoc, int D, int P, IdentifierInfo *Id,
         bool Typename, bool ParameterPack, bool HasTypeConstraint = false,
         UnsignedOrNone NumExpanded = std::nullopt);
  static TemplateTypeParmDecl *CreateDeserialized(const ASTContext &C,
                                                  GlobalDeclID ID);
  static TemplateTypeParmDecl *CreateDeserialized(const ASTContext &C,
                                                  GlobalDeclID ID,
                                                  bool HasTypeConstraint);
 
  /// Whether this template type parameter was declared with
  /// the 'typename' keyword.
  ///
  /// If not, it was either declared with the 'class' keyword or with a
  /// type-constraint (see hasTypeConstraint()).
  bool wasDeclaredWithTypename() const {
    return Typename && !HasTypeConstraint;
  }
 
  const DefArgStorage &getDefaultArgStorage() const { return DefaultArgument; }
 
  /// Determine whether this template parameter has a default
  /// argument.
  bool hasDefaultArgument() const { return DefaultArgument.isSet(); }
 
  /// Retrieve the default argument, if any.
  const TemplateArgumentLoc &getDefaultArgument() const {
    static const TemplateArgumentLoc NoneLoc;
    return DefaultArgument.isSet() ? *DefaultArgument.get() : NoneLoc;
  }
 
  /// Retrieves the location of the default argument declaration.
  SourceLocation getDefaultArgumentLoc() const;
 
  /// Determines whether the default argument was inherited
  /// from a previous declaration of this template.
  bool defaultArgumentWasInherited() const {
    return DefaultArgument.isInherited();
  }
 
  /// Set the default argument for this template parameter.
  void setDefaultArgument(const ASTContext &C,
                          const TemplateArgumentLoc &DefArg);
 
  /// Set that this default argument was inherited from another
  /// parameter.
  void setInheritedDefaultArgument(const ASTContext &C,
                                   TemplateTypeParmDecl *Prev) {
    DefaultArgument.setInherited(C, Prev);
  }
 
  /// Removes the default argument of this template parameter.
  void removeDefaultArgument() {
    DefaultArgument.clear();
  }
 
  /// Set whether this template type parameter was declared with
  /// the 'typename' or 'class' keyword.
  void setDeclaredWithTypename(bool withTypename) { Typename = withTypename; }
 
  /// Retrieve the depth of the template parameter.
  unsigned getDepth() const;
 
  /// Retrieve the index of the template parameter.
  unsigned getIndex() const;
 
  /// Returns whether this is a parameter pack.
  bool isParameterPack() const;
 
  /// Whether this parameter pack is a pack expansion.
  ///
  /// A template type template parameter pack can be a pack expansion if its
  /// type-constraint contains an unexpanded parameter pack.
  bool isPackExpansion() const {
    if (!isParameterPack())
      return false;
    if (const TypeConstraint *TC = getTypeConstraint())
      if (TC->hasExplicitTemplateArgs())
        for (const auto &ArgLoc : TC->getTemplateArgsAsWritten()->arguments())
          if (ArgLoc.getArgument().containsUnexpandedParameterPack())
            return true;
    return false;
  }
 
  /// Whether this parameter is a template type parameter pack that has a known
  /// list of different type-constraints at different positions.
  ///
  /// A parameter pack is an expanded parameter pack when the original
  /// parameter pack's type-constraint was itself a pack expansion, and that
  /// expansion has already been expanded. For example, given:
  ///
  /// \code
  /// template<typename ...Types>
  /// struct X {
  ///   template<convertible_to<Types> ...Convertibles>
  ///   struct Y { /* ... */ };
  /// };
  /// \endcode
  ///
  /// The parameter pack \c Convertibles has (convertible_to<Types> && ...) as
  /// its type-constraint. When \c Types is supplied with template arguments by
  /// instantiating \c X, the instantiation of \c Convertibles becomes an
  /// expanded parameter pack. For example, instantiating
  /// \c X<int, unsigned int> results in \c Convertibles being an expanded
  /// parameter pack of size 2 (use getNumExpansionTypes() to get this number).
  /// Retrieves the number of parameters in an expanded parameter pack, if any.
  UnsignedOrNone getNumExpansionParameters() const { return NumExpanded; }
 
  /// Returns the type constraint associated with this template parameter (if
  /// any).
  const TypeConstraint *getTypeConstraint() const {
    return TypeConstraintInitialized ? getTrailingObjects() : nullptr;
  }
 
  void setTypeConstraint(ConceptReference *CR,
                         Expr *ImmediatelyDeclaredConstraint,
                         UnsignedOrNone ArgPackSubstIndex);
 
  /// Determine whether this template parameter has a type-constraint.
  bool hasTypeConstraint() const {
    return HasTypeConstraint;
  }
 
  /// \brief Get the associated-constraints of this template parameter.
  /// This will either be the immediately-introduced constraint or empty.
  ///
  /// Use this instead of getTypeConstraint for concepts APIs that
  /// accept an ArrayRef of constraint expressions.
  void getAssociatedConstraints(
      llvm::SmallVectorImpl<AssociatedConstraint> &AC) const {
    if (HasTypeConstraint)
      AC.emplace_back(getTypeConstraint()->getImmediatelyDeclaredConstraint(),
                      getTypeConstraint()->getArgPackSubstIndex());
  }
 
  SourceRange getSourceRange() const override LLVM_READONLY;
 
  // Implement isa/cast/dyncast/etc.
  static bool classof(const Decl *D) { return classofKind(D->getKind()); }
  static bool classofKind(Kind K) { return K == TemplateTypeParm; }
};
 
/// NonTypeTemplateParmDecl - Declares a non-type template parameter,
/// e.g., "Size" in
/// @code
/// template<int Size> class array { };
/// @endcode
class NonTypeTemplateParmDecl final
    : public DeclaratorDecl,
      protected TemplateParmPosition,
      private llvm::TrailingObjects<NonTypeTemplateParmDecl,
                                    std::pair<QualType, TypeSourceInfo *>,
                                    Expr *> {
  friend class ASTDeclReader;
  friend TrailingObjects;
 
  /// The default template argument, if any, and whether or not
  /// it was inherited.
  using DefArgStorage =
      DefaultArgStorage<NonTypeTemplateParmDecl, TemplateArgumentLoc *>;
  DefArgStorage DefaultArgument;
 
  // FIXME: Collapse this into TemplateParamPosition; or, just move depth/index
  // down here to save memory.
 
  /// Whether this non-type template parameter is a parameter pack.
  bool ParameterPack;
 
  /// Whether this non-type template parameter is an "expanded"
  /// parameter pack, meaning that its type is a pack expansion and we
  /// already know the set of types that expansion expands to.
  bool ExpandedParameterPack = false;
 
  /// The number of types in an expanded parameter pack.
  unsigned NumExpandedTypes = 0;
 
  size_t numTrailingObjects(
      OverloadToken<std::pair<QualType, TypeSourceInfo *>>) const {
    return NumExpandedTypes;
  }
 
  NonTypeTemplateParmDecl(DeclContext *DC, SourceLocation StartLoc,
                          SourceLocation IdLoc, int D, int P,
                          const IdentifierInfo *Id, QualType T,
                          bool ParameterPack, TypeSourceInfo *TInfo)
      : DeclaratorDecl(NonTypeTemplateParm, DC, IdLoc, Id, T, TInfo, StartLoc),
        TemplateParmPosition(D, P), ParameterPack(ParameterPack) {}
 
  NonTypeTemplateParmDecl(DeclContext *DC, SourceLocation StartLoc,
                          SourceLocation IdLoc, int D, int P,
                          const IdentifierInfo *Id, QualType T,
                          TypeSourceInfo *TInfo,
                          ArrayRef<QualType> ExpandedTypes,
                          ArrayRef<TypeSourceInfo *> ExpandedTInfos);
 
public:
  static NonTypeTemplateParmDecl *
  Create(const ASTContext &C, DeclContext *DC, SourceLocation StartLoc,
         SourceLocation IdLoc, int D, int P, const IdentifierInfo *Id,
         QualType T, bool ParameterPack, TypeSourceInfo *TInfo);
 
  static NonTypeTemplateParmDecl *
  Create(const ASTContext &C, DeclContext *DC, SourceLocation StartLoc,
         SourceLocation IdLoc, int D, int P, const IdentifierInfo *Id,
         QualType T, TypeSourceInfo *TInfo, ArrayRef<QualType> ExpandedTypes,
         ArrayRef<TypeSourceInfo *> ExpandedTInfos);
 
  static NonTypeTemplateParmDecl *
  CreateDeserialized(ASTContext &C, GlobalDeclID ID, bool HasTypeConstraint);
  static NonTypeTemplateParmDecl *CreateDeserialized(ASTContext &C,
                                                     GlobalDeclID ID,
                                                     unsigned NumExpandedTypes,
                                                     bool HasTypeConstraint);
 
  using TemplateParmPosition::getDepth;
  using TemplateParmPosition::setDepth;
  using TemplateParmPosition::getPosition;
  using TemplateParmPosition::setPosition;
  using TemplateParmPosition::getIndex;
 
  SourceRange getSourceRange() const override LLVM_READONLY;
 
  const DefArgStorage &getDefaultArgStorage() const { return DefaultArgument; }
 
  /// Determine whether this template parameter has a default
  /// argument.
  bool hasDefaultArgument() const { return DefaultArgument.isSet(); }
 
  /// Retrieve the default argument, if any.
  const TemplateArgumentLoc &getDefaultArgument() const {
    static const TemplateArgumentLoc NoneLoc;
    return DefaultArgument.isSet() ? *DefaultArgument.get() : NoneLoc;
  }
 
  /// Retrieve the location of the default argument, if any.
  SourceLocation getDefaultArgumentLoc() const;
 
  /// Determines whether the default argument was inherited
  /// from a previous declaration of this template.
  bool defaultArgumentWasInherited() const {
    return DefaultArgument.isInherited();
  }
 
  /// Set the default argument for this template parameter, and
  /// whether that default argument was inherited from another
  /// declaration.
  void setDefaultArgument(const ASTContext &C,
                          const TemplateArgumentLoc &DefArg);
  void setInheritedDefaultArgument(const ASTContext &C,
                                   NonTypeTemplateParmDecl *Parm) {
    DefaultArgument.setInherited(C, Parm);
  }
 
  /// Removes the default argument of this template parameter.
  void removeDefaultArgument() { DefaultArgument.clear(); }
 
  /// Whether this parameter is a non-type template parameter pack.
  ///
  /// If the parameter is a parameter pack, the type may be a
  /// \c PackExpansionType. In the following example, the \c Dims parameter
  /// is a parameter pack (whose type is 'unsigned').
  ///
  /// \code
  /// template<typename T, unsigned ...Dims> struct multi_array;
  /// \endcode
  bool isParameterPack() const { return ParameterPack; }
 
  /// Whether this parameter pack is a pack expansion.
  ///
  /// A non-type template parameter pack is a pack expansion if its type
  /// contains an unexpanded parameter pack. In this case, we will have
  /// built a PackExpansionType wrapping the type.
  bool isPackExpansion() const {
    return ParameterPack && getType()->getAs<PackExpansionType>();
  }
 
  /// Whether this parameter is a non-type template parameter pack
  /// that has a known list of different types at different positions.
  ///
  /// A parameter pack is an expanded parameter pack when the original
  /// parameter pack's type was itself a pack expansion, and that expansion
  /// has already been expanded. For example, given:
  ///
  /// \code
  /// template<typename ...Types>
  /// struct X {
  ///   template<Types ...Values>
  ///   struct Y { /* ... */ };
  /// };
  /// \endcode
  ///
  /// The parameter pack \c Values has a \c PackExpansionType as its type,
  /// which expands \c Types. When \c Types is supplied with template arguments
  /// by instantiating \c X, the instantiation of \c Values becomes an
  /// expanded parameter pack. For example, instantiating
  /// \c X<int, unsigned int> results in \c Values being an expanded parameter
  /// pack with expansion types \c int and \c unsigned int.
  ///
  /// The \c getExpansionType() and \c getExpansionTypeSourceInfo() functions
  /// return the expansion types.
  bool isExpandedParameterPack() const { return ExpandedParameterPack; }
 
  /// Retrieves the number of expansion types in an expanded parameter
  /// pack.
  unsigned getNumExpansionTypes() const {
    assert(ExpandedParameterPack && "Not an expansion parameter pack");
    return NumExpandedTypes;
  }
 
  /// Retrieve a particular expansion type within an expanded parameter
  /// pack.
  QualType getExpansionType(unsigned I) const {
    assert(I < NumExpandedTypes && "Out-of-range expansion type index");
    auto TypesAndInfos =
        getTrailingObjects<std::pair<QualType, TypeSourceInfo *>>();
    return TypesAndInfos[I].first;
  }
 
  /// Retrieve a particular expansion type source info within an
  /// expanded parameter pack.
  TypeSourceInfo *getExpansionTypeSourceInfo(unsigned I) const {
    assert(I < NumExpandedTypes && "Out-of-range expansion type index");
    auto TypesAndInfos =
        getTrailingObjects<std::pair<QualType, TypeSourceInfo *>>();
    return TypesAndInfos[I].second;
  }
 
  /// Return the constraint introduced by the placeholder type of this non-type
  /// template parameter (if any).
  Expr *getPlaceholderTypeConstraint() const {
    return hasPlaceholderTypeConstraint() ? *getTrailingObjects<Expr *>() :
        nullptr;
  }
 
  void setPlaceholderTypeConstraint(Expr *E) {
    *getTrailingObjects<Expr *>() = E;
  }
 
  /// Determine whether this non-type template parameter's type has a
  /// placeholder with a type-constraint.
  bool hasPlaceholderTypeConstraint() const {
    auto *AT = getType()->getContainedAutoType();
    return AT && AT->isConstrained();
  }
 
  /// \brief Get the associated-constraints of this template parameter.
  /// This will either be a vector of size 1 containing the immediately-declared
  /// constraint introduced by the placeholder type, or an empty vector.
  ///
  /// Use this instead of getPlaceholderImmediatelyDeclaredConstraint for
  /// concepts APIs that accept an ArrayRef of constraint expressions.
  void getAssociatedConstraints(
      llvm::SmallVectorImpl<AssociatedConstraint> &AC) const {
    if (Expr *E = getPlaceholderTypeConstraint())
      AC.emplace_back(E);
  }
 
  // Implement isa/cast/dyncast/etc.
  static bool classof(const Decl *D) { return classofKind(D->getKind()); }
  static bool classofKind(Kind K) { return K == NonTypeTemplateParm; }
};
 
/// TemplateTemplateParmDecl - Declares a template template parameter,
/// e.g., "T" in
/// @code
/// template <template <typename> class T> class container { };
/// @endcode
/// A template template parameter is a TemplateDecl because it defines the
/// name of a template and the template parameters allowable for substitution.
class TemplateTemplateParmDecl final
    : public TemplateDecl,
      protected TemplateParmPosition,
      private llvm::TrailingObjects<TemplateTemplateParmDecl,
                                    TemplateParameterList *> {
  /// The default template argument, if any.
  using DefArgStorage =
      DefaultArgStorage<TemplateTemplateParmDecl, TemplateArgumentLoc *>;
  DefArgStorage DefaultArgument;
 
  LLVM_PREFERRED_TYPE(TemplateNameKind)
  unsigned ParameterKind : 3;
 
  /// Whether this template template parameter was declaration with
  /// the 'typename' keyword.
  ///
  /// If false, it was declared with the 'class' keyword.
  LLVM_PREFERRED_TYPE(bool)
  unsigned Typename : 1;
 
  /// Whether this parameter is a parameter pack.
  LLVM_PREFERRED_TYPE(bool)
  unsigned ParameterPack : 1;
 
  /// Whether this template template parameter is an "expanded"
  /// parameter pack, meaning that it is a pack expansion and we
  /// already know the set of template parameters that expansion expands to.
  LLVM_PREFERRED_TYPE(bool)
  unsigned ExpandedParameterPack : 1;
 
  /// The number of parameters in an expanded parameter pack.
  unsigned NumExpandedParams = 0;
 
  TemplateTemplateParmDecl(DeclContext *DC, SourceLocation L, int D, int P,
                           bool ParameterPack, IdentifierInfo *Id,
                           TemplateNameKind ParameterKind, bool Typename,
                           TemplateParameterList *Params)
      : TemplateDecl(TemplateTemplateParm, DC, L, Id, Params),
        TemplateParmPosition(D, P), ParameterKind(ParameterKind),
        Typename(Typename), ParameterPack(ParameterPack),
        ExpandedParameterPack(false) {}
 
  TemplateTemplateParmDecl(DeclContext *DC, SourceLocation L, int D, int P,
                           IdentifierInfo *Id, TemplateNameKind ParameterKind,
                           bool Typename, TemplateParameterList *Params,
                           ArrayRef<TemplateParameterList *> Expansions);
 
  void anchor() override;
 
public:
  friend class ASTDeclReader;
  friend class ASTDeclWriter;
  friend TrailingObjects;
 
  static TemplateTemplateParmDecl *
  Create(const ASTContext &C, DeclContext *DC, SourceLocation L, int D, int P,
         bool ParameterPack, IdentifierInfo *Id, TemplateNameKind ParameterKind,
         bool Typename, TemplateParameterList *Params);
 
  static TemplateTemplateParmDecl *
  Create(const ASTContext &C, DeclContext *DC, SourceLocation L, int D, int P,
         IdentifierInfo *Id, TemplateNameKind ParameterKind, bool Typename,
         TemplateParameterList *Params,
         ArrayRef<TemplateParameterList *> Expansions);
 
  static TemplateTemplateParmDecl *CreateDeserialized(ASTContext &C,
                                                      GlobalDeclID ID);
  static TemplateTemplateParmDecl *
  CreateDeserialized(ASTContext &C, GlobalDeclID ID, unsigned NumExpansions);
 
  using TemplateParmPosition::getDepth;
  using TemplateParmPosition::setDepth;
  using TemplateParmPosition::getPosition;
  using TemplateParmPosition::setPosition;
  using TemplateParmPosition::getIndex;
 
  /// Whether this template template parameter was declared with
  /// the 'typename' keyword.
  bool wasDeclaredWithTypename() const { return Typename; }
 
  /// Set whether this template template parameter was declared with
  /// the 'typename' or 'class' keyword.
  void setDeclaredWithTypename(bool withTypename) { Typename = withTypename; }
 
  /// Whether this template template parameter is a template
  /// parameter pack.
  ///
  /// \code
  /// template<template <class T> ...MetaFunctions> struct Apply;
  /// \endcode
  bool isParameterPack() const { return ParameterPack; }
 
  /// Whether this parameter pack is a pack expansion.
  ///
  /// A template template parameter pack is a pack expansion if its template
  /// parameter list contains an unexpanded parameter pack.
  bool isPackExpansion() const {
    return ParameterPack &&
           getTemplateParameters()->containsUnexpandedParameterPack();
  }
 
  /// Whether this parameter is a template template parameter pack that
  /// has a known list of different template parameter lists at different
  /// positions.
  ///
  /// A parameter pack is an expanded parameter pack when the original parameter
  /// pack's template parameter list was itself a pack expansion, and that
  /// expansion has already been expanded. For exampe, given:
  ///
  /// \code
  /// template<typename...Types> struct Outer {
  ///   template<template<Types> class...Templates> struct Inner;
  /// };
  /// \endcode
  ///
  /// The parameter pack \c Templates is a pack expansion, which expands the
  /// pack \c Types. When \c Types is supplied with template arguments by
  /// instantiating \c Outer, the instantiation of \c Templates is an expanded
  /// parameter pack.
  bool isExpandedParameterPack() const { return ExpandedParameterPack; }
 
  /// Retrieves the number of expansion template parameters in
  /// an expanded parameter pack.
  unsigned getNumExpansionTemplateParameters() const {
    assert(ExpandedParameterPack && "Not an expansion parameter pack");
    return NumExpandedParams;
  }
 
  /// Retrieve a particular expansion type within an expanded parameter
  /// pack.
  TemplateParameterList *getExpansionTemplateParameters(unsigned I) const {
    assert(I < NumExpandedParams && "Out-of-range expansion type index");
    return getTrailingObjects()[I];
  }
 
  const DefArgStorage &getDefaultArgStorage() const { return DefaultArgument; }
 
  /// Determine whether this template parameter has a default
  /// argument.
  bool hasDefaultArgument() const { return DefaultArgument.isSet(); }
 
  /// Retrieve the default argument, if any.
  const TemplateArgumentLoc &getDefaultArgument() const {
    static const TemplateArgumentLoc NoneLoc;
    return DefaultArgument.isSet() ? *DefaultArgument.get() : NoneLoc;
  }
 
  /// Retrieve the location of the default argument, if any.
  SourceLocation getDefaultArgumentLoc() const;
 
  /// Determines whether the default argument was inherited
  /// from a previous declaration of this template.
  bool defaultArgumentWasInherited() const {
    return DefaultArgument.isInherited();
  }
 
  /// Set the default argument for this template parameter, and
  /// whether that default argument was inherited from another
  /// declaration.
  void setDefaultArgument(const ASTContext &C,
                          const TemplateArgumentLoc &DefArg);
  void setInheritedDefaultArgument(const ASTContext &C,
                                   TemplateTemplateParmDecl *Prev) {
    DefaultArgument.setInherited(C, Prev);
  }
 
  /// Removes the default argument of this template parameter.
  void removeDefaultArgument() { DefaultArgument.clear(); }
 
  SourceRange getSourceRange() const override LLVM_READONLY {
    SourceLocation End = getLocation();
    if (hasDefaultArgument() && !defaultArgumentWasInherited())
      End = getDefaultArgument().getSourceRange().getEnd();
    return SourceRange(getTemplateParameters()->getTemplateLoc(), End);
  }
 
  TemplateNameKind templateParameterKind() const {
    return static_cast<TemplateNameKind>(ParameterKind);
  }
 
  bool isTypeConceptTemplateParam() const {
    return templateParameterKind() == TemplateNameKind::TNK_Concept_template &&
           getTemplateParameters()->size() > 0 &&
           isa<TemplateTypeParmDecl>(getTemplateParameters()->getParam(0));
  }
 
  // Implement isa/cast/dyncast/etc.
  static bool classof(const Decl *D) { return classofKind(D->getKind()); }
  static bool classofKind(Kind K) { return K == TemplateTemplateParm; }
};
 
/// Represents the builtin template declaration which is used to
/// implement __make_integer_seq and other builtin templates.  It serves
/// no real purpose beyond existing as a place to hold template parameters.
class BuiltinTemplateDecl : public TemplateDecl {
  BuiltinTemplateKind BTK;
 
  BuiltinTemplateDecl(const ASTContext &C, DeclContext *DC,
                      DeclarationName Name, BuiltinTemplateKind BTK);
 
  void anchor() override;
 
public:
  // Implement isa/cast/dyncast support
  static bool classof(const Decl *D) { return classofKind(D->getKind()); }
  static bool classofKind(Kind K) { return K == BuiltinTemplate; }
 
  static BuiltinTemplateDecl *Create(const ASTContext &C, DeclContext *DC,
                                     DeclarationName Name,
                                     BuiltinTemplateKind BTK) {
    return new (C, DC) BuiltinTemplateDecl(C, DC, Name, BTK);
  }
 
  SourceRange getSourceRange() const override LLVM_READONLY {
    return {};
  }
 
  BuiltinTemplateKind getBuiltinTemplateKind() const { return BTK; }
 
  bool isPackProducingBuiltinTemplate() const;
};
bool isPackProducingBuiltinTemplateName(TemplateName N);
 
/// Provides information about an explicit instantiation of a variable or class
/// template.
struct ExplicitInstantiationInfo {
  /// The template arguments as written..
  const ASTTemplateArgumentListInfo *TemplateArgsAsWritten = nullptr;
 
  /// The location of the extern keyword.
  SourceLocation ExternKeywordLoc;
 
  /// The location of the template keyword.
  SourceLocation TemplateKeywordLoc;
 
  ExplicitInstantiationInfo() = default;
};
 
using SpecializationOrInstantiationInfo =
    llvm::PointerUnion<const ASTTemplateArgumentListInfo *,
                       ExplicitInstantiationInfo *>;
 
/// Represents a class template specialization, which refers to
/// a class template with a given set of template arguments.
///
/// Class template specializations represent both explicit
/// specialization of class templates, as in the example below, and
/// implicit instantiations of class templates.
///
/// \code
/// template<typename T> class array;
///
/// template<>
/// class array<bool> { }; // class template specialization array<bool>
/// \endcode
class ClassTemplateSpecializationDecl : public CXXRecordDecl,
                                        public llvm::FoldingSetNode {
  /// Structure that stores information about a class template
  /// specialization that was instantiated from a class template partial
  /// specialization.
  struct SpecializedPartialSpecialization {
    /// The class template partial specialization from which this
    /// class template specialization was instantiated.
    ClassTemplatePartialSpecializationDecl *PartialSpecialization;
 
    /// The template argument list deduced for the class template
    /// partial specialization itself.
    const TemplateArgumentList *TemplateArgs;
  };
 
  /// The template that this specialization specializes
  llvm::PointerUnion<ClassTemplateDecl *, SpecializedPartialSpecialization *>
    SpecializedTemplate;
 
  /// Further info for explicit template specialization/instantiation.
  /// Does not apply to implicit specializations.
  SpecializationOrInstantiationInfo ExplicitInfo = nullptr;
 
  /// The template arguments used to describe this specialization.
  const TemplateArgumentList *TemplateArgs;
 
  /// The point where this template was instantiated (if any)
  SourceLocation PointOfInstantiation;
 
  /// The kind of specialization this declaration refers to.
  LLVM_PREFERRED_TYPE(TemplateSpecializationKind)
  unsigned SpecializationKind : 3;
 
  /// Indicate that we have matched a parameter pack with a non pack
  /// argument, when the opposite match is also allowed.
  /// This needs to be cached as deduction is performed during declaration,
  /// and we need the information to be preserved so that it is consistent
  /// during instantiation.
  LLVM_PREFERRED_TYPE(bool)
  unsigned StrictPackMatch : 1;
 
protected:
  ClassTemplateSpecializationDecl(ASTContext &Context, Kind DK, TagKind TK,
                                  DeclContext *DC, SourceLocation StartLoc,
                                  SourceLocation IdLoc,
                                  ClassTemplateDecl *SpecializedTemplate,
                                  ArrayRef<TemplateArgument> Args,
                                  bool StrictPackMatch,
                                  ClassTemplateSpecializationDecl *PrevDecl);
 
  ClassTemplateSpecializationDecl(ASTContext &C, Kind DK);
 
public:
  friend class ASTDeclReader;
  friend class ASTDeclWriter;
 
  static ClassTemplateSpecializationDecl *
  Create(ASTContext &Context, TagKind TK, DeclContext *DC,
         SourceLocation StartLoc, SourceLocation IdLoc,
         ClassTemplateDecl *SpecializedTemplate,
         ArrayRef<TemplateArgument> Args, bool StrictPackMatch,
         ClassTemplateSpecializationDecl *PrevDecl);
  static ClassTemplateSpecializationDecl *CreateDeserialized(ASTContext &C,
                                                             GlobalDeclID ID);
 
  void getNameForDiagnostic(raw_ostream &OS, const PrintingPolicy &Policy,
                            bool Qualified) const override;
 
  ClassTemplateSpecializationDecl *getMostRecentDecl() {
    return cast<ClassTemplateSpecializationDecl>(
        CXXRecordDecl::getMostRecentDecl());
  }
 
  ClassTemplateSpecializationDecl *getDefinitionOrSelf() const {
    return cast<ClassTemplateSpecializationDecl>(
        CXXRecordDecl::getDefinitionOrSelf());
  }
 
  /// Retrieve the template that this specialization specializes.
  ClassTemplateDecl *getSpecializedTemplate() const;
 
  /// Retrieve the template arguments of the class template
  /// specialization.
  const TemplateArgumentList &getTemplateArgs() const {
    return *TemplateArgs;
  }
 
  void setTemplateArgs(TemplateArgumentList *Args) {
    TemplateArgs = Args;
  }
 
  /// Determine the kind of specialization that this
  /// declaration represents.
  TemplateSpecializationKind getSpecializationKind() const {
    return static_cast<TemplateSpecializationKind>(SpecializationKind);
  }
 
  bool isExplicitSpecialization() const {
    return getSpecializationKind() == TSK_ExplicitSpecialization;
  }
 
  /// Is this an explicit specialization at class scope (within the class that
  /// owns the primary template)? For example:
  ///
  /// \code
  /// template<typename T> struct Outer {
  ///   template<typename U> struct Inner;
  ///   template<> struct Inner; // class-scope explicit specialization
  /// };
  /// \endcode
  bool isClassScopeExplicitSpecialization() const {
    return isExplicitSpecialization() &&
           isa<CXXRecordDecl>(getLexicalDeclContext());
  }
 
  /// True if this declaration is an explicit specialization,
  /// explicit instantiation declaration, or explicit instantiation
  /// definition.
  bool isExplicitInstantiationOrSpecialization() const {
    return isTemplateExplicitInstantiationOrSpecialization(
        getTemplateSpecializationKind());
  }
 
  void setSpecializedTemplate(ClassTemplateDecl *Specialized) {
    SpecializedTemplate = Specialized;
  }
 
  void setSpecializationKind(TemplateSpecializationKind TSK) {
    SpecializationKind = TSK;
  }
 
  bool hasStrictPackMatch() const { return StrictPackMatch; }
 
  void setStrictPackMatch(bool Val) { StrictPackMatch = Val; }
 
  /// Get the point of instantiation (if any), or null if none.
  SourceLocation getPointOfInstantiation() const {
    return PointOfInstantiation;
  }
 
  void setPointOfInstantiation(SourceLocation Loc) {
    assert(Loc.isValid() && "point of instantiation must be valid!");
    PointOfInstantiation = Loc;
  }
 
  /// If this class template specialization is an instantiation of
  /// a template (rather than an explicit specialization), return the
  /// class template or class template partial specialization from which it
  /// was instantiated.
  llvm::PointerUnion<ClassTemplateDecl *,
                     ClassTemplatePartialSpecializationDecl *>
  getInstantiatedFrom() const {
    if (!isTemplateInstantiation(getSpecializationKind()))
      return llvm::PointerUnion<ClassTemplateDecl *,
                                ClassTemplatePartialSpecializationDecl *>();
 
    return getSpecializedTemplateOrPartial();
  }
 
  /// Retrieve the class template or class template partial
  /// specialization which was specialized by this.
  llvm::PointerUnion<ClassTemplateDecl *,
                     ClassTemplatePartialSpecializationDecl *>
  getSpecializedTemplateOrPartial() const {
    if (const auto *PartialSpec =
            SpecializedTemplate.dyn_cast<SpecializedPartialSpecialization *>())
      return PartialSpec->PartialSpecialization;
 
    return cast<ClassTemplateDecl *>(SpecializedTemplate);
  }
 
  /// Retrieve the set of template arguments that should be used
  /// to instantiate members of the class template or class template partial
  /// specialization from which this class template specialization was
  /// instantiated.
  ///
  /// \returns For a class template specialization instantiated from the primary
  /// template, this function will return the same template arguments as
  /// getTemplateArgs(). For a class template specialization instantiated from
  /// a class template partial specialization, this function will return the
  /// deduced template arguments for the class template partial specialization
  /// itself.
  const TemplateArgumentList &getTemplateInstantiationArgs() const {
    if (const auto *PartialSpec =
            SpecializedTemplate.dyn_cast<SpecializedPartialSpecialization *>())
      return *PartialSpec->TemplateArgs;
 
    return getTemplateArgs();
  }
 
  /// Note that this class template specialization is actually an
  /// instantiation of the given class template partial specialization whose
  /// template arguments have been deduced.
  void setInstantiationOf(ClassTemplatePartialSpecializationDecl *PartialSpec,
                          const TemplateArgumentList *TemplateArgs) {
    assert(!isa<SpecializedPartialSpecialization *>(SpecializedTemplate) &&
           "Already set to a class template partial specialization!");
    auto *PS = new (getASTContext()) SpecializedPartialSpecialization();
    PS->PartialSpecialization = PartialSpec;
    PS->TemplateArgs = TemplateArgs;
    SpecializedTemplate = PS;
  }
 
  /// Note that this class template specialization is an instantiation
  /// of the given class template.
  void setInstantiationOf(ClassTemplateDecl *TemplDecl) {
    assert(!isa<SpecializedPartialSpecialization *>(SpecializedTemplate) &&
           "Previously set to a class template partial specialization!");
    SpecializedTemplate = TemplDecl;
  }
 
  /// Retrieve the template argument list as written in the sources,
  /// if any.
  const ASTTemplateArgumentListInfo *getTemplateArgsAsWritten() const {
    if (auto *Info =
            dyn_cast_if_present<ExplicitInstantiationInfo *>(ExplicitInfo))
      return Info->TemplateArgsAsWritten;
    return cast<const ASTTemplateArgumentListInfo *>(ExplicitInfo);
  }
 
  /// Set the template argument list as written in the sources.
  void
  setTemplateArgsAsWritten(const ASTTemplateArgumentListInfo *ArgsWritten) {
    if (auto *Info =
            dyn_cast_if_present<ExplicitInstantiationInfo *>(ExplicitInfo))
      Info->TemplateArgsAsWritten = ArgsWritten;
    else
      ExplicitInfo = ArgsWritten;
  }
 
  /// Set the template argument list as written in the sources.
  void setTemplateArgsAsWritten(const TemplateArgumentListInfo &ArgsInfo) {
    setTemplateArgsAsWritten(
        ASTTemplateArgumentListInfo::Create(getASTContext(), ArgsInfo));
  }
 
  /// Gets the location of the extern keyword, if present.
  SourceLocation getExternKeywordLoc() const {
    if (auto *Info =
            dyn_cast_if_present<ExplicitInstantiationInfo *>(ExplicitInfo))
      return Info->ExternKeywordLoc;
    return SourceLocation();
  }
 
  /// Sets the location of the extern keyword.
  void setExternKeywordLoc(SourceLocation Loc);
 
  /// Gets the location of the template keyword, if present.
  SourceLocation getTemplateKeywordLoc() const {
    if (auto *Info =
            dyn_cast_if_present<ExplicitInstantiationInfo *>(ExplicitInfo))
      return Info->TemplateKeywordLoc;
    return SourceLocation();
  }
 
  /// Sets the location of the template keyword.
  void setTemplateKeywordLoc(SourceLocation Loc);
 
  SourceRange getSourceRange() const override LLVM_READONLY;
 
  void Profile(llvm::FoldingSetNodeID &ID) const {
    Profile(ID, TemplateArgs->asArray(), getASTContext());
  }
 
  static void
  Profile(llvm::FoldingSetNodeID &ID, ArrayRef<TemplateArgument> TemplateArgs,
          const ASTContext &Context) {
    ID.AddInteger(TemplateArgs.size());
    for (const TemplateArgument &TemplateArg : TemplateArgs)
      TemplateArg.Profile(ID, Context);
  }
 
  static bool classof(const Decl *D) { return classofKind(D->getKind()); }
 
  static bool classofKind(Kind K) {
    return K >= firstClassTemplateSpecialization &&
           K <= lastClassTemplateSpecialization;
  }
};
 
class ClassTemplatePartialSpecializationDecl
  : public ClassTemplateSpecializationDecl {
  /// The list of template parameters
  TemplateParameterList *TemplateParams = nullptr;
 
  /// The class template partial specialization from which this
  /// class template partial specialization was instantiated.
  ///
  /// The boolean value will be true to indicate that this class template
  /// partial specialization was specialized at this level.
  llvm::PointerIntPair<ClassTemplatePartialSpecializationDecl *, 1, bool>
      InstantiatedFromMember;
 
  mutable CanQualType CanonInjectedTST;
 
  ClassTemplatePartialSpecializationDecl(
      ASTContext &Context, TagKind TK, DeclContext *DC, SourceLocation StartLoc,
      SourceLocation IdLoc, TemplateParameterList *Params,
      ClassTemplateDecl *SpecializedTemplate, ArrayRef<TemplateArgument> Args,
      CanQualType CanonInjectedTST,
      ClassTemplatePartialSpecializationDecl *PrevDecl);
 
  ClassTemplatePartialSpecializationDecl(ASTContext &C)
    : ClassTemplateSpecializationDecl(C, ClassTemplatePartialSpecialization),
      InstantiatedFromMember(nullptr, false) {}
 
  void anchor() override;
 
public:
  friend class ASTDeclReader;
  friend class ASTDeclWriter;
 
  static ClassTemplatePartialSpecializationDecl *
  Create(ASTContext &Context, TagKind TK, DeclContext *DC,
         SourceLocation StartLoc, SourceLocation IdLoc,
         TemplateParameterList *Params, ClassTemplateDecl *SpecializedTemplate,
         ArrayRef<TemplateArgument> Args, CanQualType CanonInjectedTST,
         ClassTemplatePartialSpecializationDecl *PrevDecl);
 
  static ClassTemplatePartialSpecializationDecl *
  CreateDeserialized(ASTContext &C, GlobalDeclID ID);
 
  ClassTemplatePartialSpecializationDecl *getMostRecentDecl() {
    return cast<ClassTemplatePartialSpecializationDecl>(
             static_cast<ClassTemplateSpecializationDecl *>(
               this)->getMostRecentDecl());
  }
 
  /// Get the list of template parameters
  TemplateParameterList *getTemplateParameters() const {
    return TemplateParams;
  }
 
  /// \brief All associated constraints of this partial specialization,
  /// including the requires clause and any constraints derived from
  /// constrained-parameters.
  ///
  /// The constraints in the resulting list are to be treated as if in a
  /// conjunction ("and").
  void getAssociatedConstraints(
      llvm::SmallVectorImpl<AssociatedConstraint> &AC) const {
    TemplateParams->getAssociatedConstraints(AC);
  }
 
  bool hasAssociatedConstraints() const {
    return TemplateParams->hasAssociatedConstraints();
  }
 
  /// Retrieve the member class template partial specialization from
  /// which this particular class template partial specialization was
  /// instantiated.
  ///
  /// \code
  /// template<typename T>
  /// struct Outer {
  ///   template<typename U> struct Inner;
  ///   template<typename U> struct Inner<U*> { }; // #1
  /// };
  ///
  /// Outer<float>::Inner<int*> ii;
  /// \endcode
  ///
  /// In this example, the instantiation of \c Outer<float>::Inner<int*> will
  /// end up instantiating the partial specialization
  /// \c Outer<float>::Inner<U*>, which itself was instantiated from the class
  /// template partial specialization \c Outer<T>::Inner<U*>. Given
  /// \c Outer<float>::Inner<U*>, this function would return
  /// \c Outer<T>::Inner<U*>.
  ClassTemplatePartialSpecializationDecl *getInstantiatedFromMember() const {
    const auto *First =
        cast<ClassTemplatePartialSpecializationDecl>(getFirstDecl());
    return First->InstantiatedFromMember.getPointer();
  }
  ClassTemplatePartialSpecializationDecl *
  getInstantiatedFromMemberTemplate() const {
    return getInstantiatedFromMember();
  }
 
  void setInstantiatedFromMember(
                          ClassTemplatePartialSpecializationDecl *PartialSpec) {
    auto *First = cast<ClassTemplatePartialSpecializationDecl>(getFirstDecl());
    First->InstantiatedFromMember.setPointer(PartialSpec);
  }
 
  /// Determines whether this class template partial specialization
  /// template was a specialization of a member partial specialization.
  ///
  /// In the following example, the member template partial specialization
  /// \c X<int>::Inner<T*> is a member specialization.
  ///
  /// \code
  /// template<typename T>
  /// struct X {
  ///   template<typename U> struct Inner;
  ///   template<typename U> struct Inner<U*>;
  /// };
  ///
  /// template<> template<typename T>
  /// struct X<int>::Inner<T*> { /* ... */ };
  /// \endcode
  bool isMemberSpecialization() const {
    const auto *First =
        cast<ClassTemplatePartialSpecializationDecl>(getFirstDecl());
    return First->InstantiatedFromMember.getInt();
  }
 
  /// Note that this member template is a specialization.
  /// A partial specialization may be a member specialization even if it is not
  /// an instantiation of a member partial specialization.
  void setMemberSpecialization() {
    auto *First = cast<ClassTemplatePartialSpecializationDecl>(getFirstDecl());
    return First->InstantiatedFromMember.setInt(true);
  }
 
  /// Retrieves the canonical injected specialization type for this partial
  /// specialization.
  CanQualType
  getCanonicalInjectedSpecializationType(const ASTContext &Ctx) const;
 
  SourceRange getSourceRange() const override LLVM_READONLY;
 
  void Profile(llvm::FoldingSetNodeID &ID) const {
    Profile(ID, getTemplateArgs().asArray(), getTemplateParameters(),
            getASTContext());
  }
 
  static void
  Profile(llvm::FoldingSetNodeID &ID, ArrayRef<TemplateArgument> TemplateArgs,
          TemplateParameterList *TPL, const ASTContext &Context);
 
  static bool classof(const Decl *D) { return classofKind(D->getKind()); }
 
  static bool classofKind(Kind K) {
    return K == ClassTemplatePartialSpecialization;
  }
};
 
/// Declaration of a class template.
class ClassTemplateDecl : public RedeclarableTemplateDecl {
protected:
  /// Data that is common to all of the declarations of a given
  /// class template.
  struct Common : CommonBase {
    /// The class template specializations for this class
    /// template, including explicit specializations and instantiations.
    llvm::FoldingSetVector<ClassTemplateSpecializationDecl> Specializations;
 
    /// The class template partial specializations for this class
    /// template.
    llvm::FoldingSetVector<ClassTemplatePartialSpecializationDecl>
      PartialSpecializations;
 
    /// The Injected Template Specialization Type for this declaration.
    CanQualType CanonInjectedTST;
 
    Common() = default;
  };
 
  /// Retrieve the set of specializations of this class template.
  llvm::FoldingSetVector<ClassTemplateSpecializationDecl> &
  getSpecializations() const;
 
  /// Retrieve the set of partial specializations of this class
  /// template.
  llvm::FoldingSetVector<ClassTemplatePartialSpecializationDecl> &
  getPartialSpecializations() const;
 
  ClassTemplateDecl(ASTContext &C, DeclContext *DC, SourceLocation L,
                    DeclarationName Name, TemplateParameterList *Params,
                    NamedDecl *Decl)
      : RedeclarableTemplateDecl(ClassTemplate, C, DC, L, Name, Params, Decl) {}
 
  CommonBase *newCommon(ASTContext &C) const override;
 
  Common *getCommonPtr() const {
    return static_cast<Common *>(RedeclarableTemplateDecl::getCommonPtr());
  }
 
  void setCommonPtr(Common *C) { RedeclarableTemplateDecl::Common = C; }
 
public:
 
  friend class ASTDeclReader;
  friend class ASTDeclWriter;
  friend class TemplateDeclInstantiator;
 
  /// Load any lazily-loaded specializations from the external source.
  void LoadLazySpecializations(bool OnlyPartial = false) const;
 
  /// Get the underlying class declarations of the template.
  CXXRecordDecl *getTemplatedDecl() const {
    return static_cast<CXXRecordDecl *>(TemplatedDecl);
  }
 
  /// Returns whether this template declaration defines the primary
  /// class pattern.
  bool isThisDeclarationADefinition() const {
    return getTemplatedDecl()->isThisDeclarationADefinition();
  }
 
  /// \brief Create a class template node.
  static ClassTemplateDecl *Create(ASTContext &C, DeclContext *DC,
                                   SourceLocation L,
                                   DeclarationName Name,
                                   TemplateParameterList *Params,
                                   NamedDecl *Decl);
 
  /// Create an empty class template node.
  static ClassTemplateDecl *CreateDeserialized(ASTContext &C, GlobalDeclID ID);
 
  /// Return the specialization with the provided arguments if it exists,
  /// otherwise return the insertion point.
  ClassTemplateSpecializationDecl *
  findSpecialization(ArrayRef<TemplateArgument> Args,
                     llvm::FoldingSetInsertToken &InsertToken);
 
  /// Insert the specified specialization knowing that it is not already
  /// in. InsertToken must be obtained from findSpecialization.
  void AddSpecialization(ClassTemplateSpecializationDecl *D,
                         llvm::FoldingSetInsertToken InsertToken);
 
  ClassTemplateDecl *getCanonicalDecl() override {
    return cast<ClassTemplateDecl>(
             RedeclarableTemplateDecl::getCanonicalDecl());
  }
  const ClassTemplateDecl *getCanonicalDecl() const {
    return cast<ClassTemplateDecl>(
             RedeclarableTemplateDecl::getCanonicalDecl());
  }
 
  /// Retrieve the previous declaration of this class template, or
  /// nullptr if no such declaration exists.
  ClassTemplateDecl *getPreviousDecl() {
    return cast_or_null<ClassTemplateDecl>(
             static_cast<RedeclarableTemplateDecl *>(this)->getPreviousDecl());
  }
  const ClassTemplateDecl *getPreviousDecl() const {
    return cast_or_null<ClassTemplateDecl>(
             static_cast<const RedeclarableTemplateDecl *>(
               this)->getPreviousDecl());
  }
 
  ClassTemplateDecl *getMostRecentDecl() {
    return cast<ClassTemplateDecl>(
        static_cast<RedeclarableTemplateDecl *>(this)->getMostRecentDecl());
  }
  const ClassTemplateDecl *getMostRecentDecl() const {
    return const_cast<ClassTemplateDecl*>(this)->getMostRecentDecl();
  }
 
  ClassTemplateDecl *getInstantiatedFromMemberTemplate() const {
    return cast_or_null<ClassTemplateDecl>(
             RedeclarableTemplateDecl::getInstantiatedFromMemberTemplate());
  }
 
  /// Return the partial specialization with the provided arguments if it
  /// exists, otherwise return the insertion point.
  ClassTemplatePartialSpecializationDecl *
  findPartialSpecialization(ArrayRef<TemplateArgument> Args,
                            TemplateParameterList *TPL,
                            llvm::FoldingSetInsertToken &InsertToken);
 
  /// Insert the specified partial specialization knowing that it is not
  /// already in. InsertToken must be obtained from findPartialSpecialization.
  void AddPartialSpecialization(ClassTemplatePartialSpecializationDecl *D,
                                llvm::FoldingSetInsertToken InsertToken);
 
  /// Retrieve the partial specializations as an ordered list.
  void getPartialSpecializations(
      SmallVectorImpl<ClassTemplatePartialSpecializationDecl *> &PS) const;
 
  /// Find a class template partial specialization with the given
  /// type T.
  ///
  /// \param T a dependent type that names a specialization of this class
  /// template.
  ///
  /// \returns the class template partial specialization that exactly matches
  /// the type \p T, or nullptr if no such partial specialization exists.
  ClassTemplatePartialSpecializationDecl *findPartialSpecialization(QualType T);
 
  /// Find a class template partial specialization which was instantiated
  /// from the given member partial specialization.
  ///
  /// \param D a member class template partial specialization.
  ///
  /// \returns the class template partial specialization which was instantiated
  /// from the given member partial specialization, or nullptr if no such
  /// partial specialization exists.
  ClassTemplatePartialSpecializationDecl *
  findPartialSpecInstantiatedFromMember(
                                     ClassTemplatePartialSpecializationDecl *D);
 
  /// Retrieve the canonical template specialization type of the
  /// injected-class-name for this class template.
  ///
  /// The injected-class-name for a class template \c X is \c
  /// X<template-args>, where \c template-args is formed from the
  /// template arguments that correspond to the template parameters of
  /// \c X. For example:
  ///
  /// \code
  /// template<typename T, int N>
  /// struct array {
  ///   typedef array this_type; // "array" is equivalent to "array<T, N>"
  /// };
  /// \endcode
  CanQualType
  getCanonicalInjectedSpecializationType(const ASTContext &Ctx) const;
 
  using spec_iterator = SpecIterator<ClassTemplateSpecializationDecl>;
  using spec_range = llvm::iterator_range<spec_iterator>;
 
  spec_range specializations() const {
    return spec_range(spec_begin(), spec_end());
  }
 
  spec_iterator spec_begin() const {
    return makeSpecIterator(getSpecializations(), false);
  }
 
  spec_iterator spec_end() const {
    return makeSpecIterator(getSpecializations(), true);
  }
 
  // Implement isa/cast/dyncast support
  static bool classof(const Decl *D) { return classofKind(D->getKind()); }
  static bool classofKind(Kind K) { return K == ClassTemplate; }
};
 
/// Declaration of a friend template.
///
/// For example:
/// \code
/// template <typename T> class A {
///   friend class MyVector<T>; // not a friend template
///   template <typename U> friend class B; // friend class template
///   template <typename U> friend class Foo<T>::Nested; // friend template
/// };
/// \endcode
class FriendTemplateDecl final
    : public FriendDecl,
      private llvm::TrailingObjects<FriendTemplateDecl,
                                    TemplateParameterList *> {
  void anchor() override;
 
private:
  unsigned NumTPLists = 0;
  TemplateName Template;
 
  FriendTemplateDecl(DeclContext *DC, SourceLocation Loc, FriendUnion Friend,
                     SourceLocation FriendLoc, SourceLocation EllipsisLoc,
                     ArrayRef<TemplateParameterList *> FriendTPLists,
                     TemplateName Template = {})
      : FriendDecl(Decl::FriendTemplate, DC, Loc, Friend, FriendLoc,
                   EllipsisLoc),
        NumTPLists(FriendTPLists.size()), Template(Template) {
    assert(!FriendTPLists.empty());
    llvm::copy(FriendTPLists, getTrailingObjects());
  }
 
  FriendTemplateDecl(EmptyShell Empty, unsigned NumFriendTPLists)
      : FriendDecl(Decl::FriendTemplate, Empty), NumTPLists(NumFriendTPLists) {
    assert(NumFriendTPLists != 0);
  }
 
public:
  friend class ASTDeclReader;
  friend class ASTDeclWriter;
  friend TrailingObjects;
 
  enum class FriendTemplateEntityKind { Type, Template, Decl };
 
  static FriendTemplateDecl *
  Create(ASTContext &Context, DeclContext *DC, SourceLocation Loc,
         FriendUnion Friend, SourceLocation FriendLoc,
         ArrayRef<TemplateParameterList *> FriendTPLists,
         SourceLocation EllipsisLoc = {}, TemplateName Template = {});
 
  static FriendTemplateDecl *
  Create(ASTContext &Context, DeclContext *DC, SourceLocation Loc,
         TemplateName Template, SourceLocation FriendLoc,
         ArrayRef<TemplateParameterList *> FriendTPLists,
         SourceLocation EllipsisLoc = {});
 
  static FriendTemplateDecl *CreateDeserialized(ASTContext &C, GlobalDeclID ID,
                                                unsigned NumFriendTPLists);
 
  SourceRange getSourceRange() const override LLVM_READONLY;
 
  TemplateName getFriendTemplateName() const { return Template; }
 
  FriendTemplateEntityKind getFriendKind() const {
    if (getFriendType())
      return FriendTemplateEntityKind::Type;
    if (Template.isNull())
      return FriendTemplateEntityKind::Decl;
    return FriendTemplateEntityKind::Template;
  }
 
  NamedDecl *getFriendDecl() const override {
    if (NamedDecl *ND = Friend.dyn_cast<NamedDecl *>())
      return ND;
    return Template.getAsTemplateDecl();
  }
 
  ArrayRef<TemplateParameterList *> getTemplateParameterLists() const {
    return ArrayRef(getTrailingObjects(), NumTPLists);
  }
 
  // Implement isa/cast/dyncast/etc.
  static bool classof(const Decl *D) { return classofKind(D->getKind()); }
  static bool classofKind(Kind K) { return K == Decl::FriendTemplate; }
};
 
/// Declaration of an alias template.
///
/// For example:
/// \code
/// template <typename T> using V = std::map<T*, int, MyCompare<T>>;
/// \endcode
class TypeAliasTemplateDecl : public RedeclarableTemplateDecl {
protected:
  using Common = CommonBase;
 
  TypeAliasTemplateDecl(ASTContext &C, DeclContext *DC, SourceLocation L,
                        DeclarationName Name, TemplateParameterList *Params,
                        NamedDecl *Decl)
      : RedeclarableTemplateDecl(TypeAliasTemplate, C, DC, L, Name, Params,
                                 Decl) {}
 
  CommonBase *newCommon(ASTContext &C) const override;
 
  Common *getCommonPtr() {
    return static_cast<Common *>(RedeclarableTemplateDecl::getCommonPtr());
  }
 
public:
  friend class ASTDeclReader;
  friend class ASTDeclWriter;
 
  /// Get the underlying function declaration of the template.
  TypeAliasDecl *getTemplatedDecl() const {
    return static_cast<TypeAliasDecl *>(TemplatedDecl);
  }
 
 
  TypeAliasTemplateDecl *getCanonicalDecl() override {
    return cast<TypeAliasTemplateDecl>(
             RedeclarableTemplateDecl::getCanonicalDecl());
  }
  const TypeAliasTemplateDecl *getCanonicalDecl() const {
    return cast<TypeAliasTemplateDecl>(
             RedeclarableTemplateDecl::getCanonicalDecl());
  }
 
  /// Retrieve the previous declaration of this function template, or
  /// nullptr if no such declaration exists.
  TypeAliasTemplateDecl *getPreviousDecl() {
    return cast_or_null<TypeAliasTemplateDecl>(
             static_cast<RedeclarableTemplateDecl *>(this)->getPreviousDecl());
  }
  const TypeAliasTemplateDecl *getPreviousDecl() const {
    return cast_or_null<TypeAliasTemplateDecl>(
             static_cast<const RedeclarableTemplateDecl *>(
               this)->getPreviousDecl());
  }
 
  TypeAliasTemplateDecl *getInstantiatedFromMemberTemplate() const {
    return cast_or_null<TypeAliasTemplateDecl>(
             RedeclarableTemplateDecl::getInstantiatedFromMemberTemplate());
  }
 
  /// Create a function template node.
  static TypeAliasTemplateDecl *Create(ASTContext &C, DeclContext *DC,
                                       SourceLocation L,
                                       DeclarationName Name,
                                       TemplateParameterList *Params,
                                       NamedDecl *Decl);
 
  /// Create an empty alias template node.
  static TypeAliasTemplateDecl *CreateDeserialized(ASTContext &C,
                                                   GlobalDeclID ID);
 
  // Implement isa/cast/dyncast support
  static bool classof(const Decl *D) { return classofKind(D->getKind()); }
  static bool classofKind(Kind K) { return K == TypeAliasTemplate; }
};
 
/// Represents a variable template specialization, which refers to
/// a variable template with a given set of template arguments.
///
/// Variable template specializations represent both explicit
/// specializations of variable templates, as in the example below, and
/// implicit instantiations of variable templates.
///
/// \code
/// template<typename T> constexpr T pi = T(3.1415926535897932385);
///
/// template<>
/// constexpr float pi<float>; // variable template specialization pi<float>
/// \endcode
class VarTemplateSpecializationDecl : public VarDecl,
                                      public llvm::FoldingSetNode {
 
  /// Structure that stores information about a variable template
  /// specialization that was instantiated from a variable template partial
  /// specialization.
  struct SpecializedPartialSpecialization {
    /// The variable template partial specialization from which this
    /// variable template specialization was instantiated.
    VarTemplatePartialSpecializationDecl *PartialSpecialization;
 
    /// The template argument list deduced for the variable template
    /// partial specialization itself.
    const TemplateArgumentList *TemplateArgs;
  };
 
  /// The template that this specialization specializes.
  llvm::PointerUnion<VarTemplateDecl *, SpecializedPartialSpecialization *>
  SpecializedTemplate;
 
  /// Further info for explicit template specialization/instantiation.
  /// Does not apply to implicit specializations.
  SpecializationOrInstantiationInfo ExplicitInfo = nullptr;
 
  /// The template arguments used to describe this specialization.
  const TemplateArgumentList *TemplateArgs;
 
  /// The point where this template was instantiated (if any).
  SourceLocation PointOfInstantiation;
 
  /// The kind of specialization this declaration refers to.
  LLVM_PREFERRED_TYPE(TemplateSpecializationKind)
  unsigned SpecializationKind : 3;
 
  /// Whether this declaration is a complete definition of the
  /// variable template specialization. We can't otherwise tell apart
  /// an instantiated declaration from an instantiated definition with
  /// no initializer.
  LLVM_PREFERRED_TYPE(bool)
  unsigned IsCompleteDefinition : 1;
 
protected:
  VarTemplateSpecializationDecl(Kind DK, ASTContext &Context, DeclContext *DC,
                                SourceLocation StartLoc, SourceLocation IdLoc,
                                VarTemplateDecl *SpecializedTemplate,
                                QualType T, TypeSourceInfo *TInfo,
                                StorageClass S,
                                ArrayRef<TemplateArgument> Args);
 
  explicit VarTemplateSpecializationDecl(Kind DK, ASTContext &Context);
 
public:
  friend class ASTDeclReader;
  friend class ASTDeclWriter;
  friend class VarDecl;
 
  static VarTemplateSpecializationDecl *
  Create(ASTContext &Context, DeclContext *DC, SourceLocation StartLoc,
         SourceLocation IdLoc, VarTemplateDecl *SpecializedTemplate, QualType T,
         TypeSourceInfo *TInfo, StorageClass S,
         ArrayRef<TemplateArgument> Args);
  static VarTemplateSpecializationDecl *CreateDeserialized(ASTContext &C,
                                                           GlobalDeclID ID);
 
  void getNameForDiagnostic(raw_ostream &OS, const PrintingPolicy &Policy,
                            bool Qualified) const override;
 
  VarTemplateSpecializationDecl *getMostRecentDecl() {
    VarDecl *Recent = static_cast<VarDecl *>(this)->getMostRecentDecl();
    return cast<VarTemplateSpecializationDecl>(Recent);
  }
 
  /// Retrieve the template that this specialization specializes.
  VarTemplateDecl *getSpecializedTemplate() const;
 
  /// Retrieve the template arguments of the variable template
  /// specialization.
  const TemplateArgumentList &getTemplateArgs() const { return *TemplateArgs; }
 
  /// Determine the kind of specialization that this
  /// declaration represents.
  TemplateSpecializationKind getSpecializationKind() const {
    return static_cast<TemplateSpecializationKind>(SpecializationKind);
  }
 
  bool isExplicitSpecialization() const {
    return getSpecializationKind() == TSK_ExplicitSpecialization;
  }
 
  bool isClassScopeExplicitSpecialization() const {
    return isExplicitSpecialization() &&
           isa<CXXRecordDecl>(getLexicalDeclContext());
  }
 
  /// True if this declaration is an explicit specialization,
  /// explicit instantiation declaration, or explicit instantiation
  /// definition.
  bool isExplicitInstantiationOrSpecialization() const {
    return isTemplateExplicitInstantiationOrSpecialization(
        getTemplateSpecializationKind());
  }
 
  void setSpecializationKind(TemplateSpecializationKind TSK) {
    SpecializationKind = TSK;
  }
 
  /// Get the point of instantiation (if any), or null if none.
  SourceLocation getPointOfInstantiation() const {
    return PointOfInstantiation;
  }
 
  void setPointOfInstantiation(SourceLocation Loc) {
    assert(Loc.isValid() && "point of instantiation must be valid!");
    PointOfInstantiation = Loc;
  }
 
  void setCompleteDefinition() { IsCompleteDefinition = true; }
 
  /// If this variable template specialization is an instantiation of
  /// a template (rather than an explicit specialization), return the
  /// variable template or variable template partial specialization from which
  /// it was instantiated.
  llvm::PointerUnion<VarTemplateDecl *, VarTemplatePartialSpecializationDecl *>
  getInstantiatedFrom() const {
    if (!isTemplateInstantiation(getSpecializationKind()))
      return llvm::PointerUnion<VarTemplateDecl *,
                                VarTemplatePartialSpecializationDecl *>();
 
    return getSpecializedTemplateOrPartial();
  }
 
  /// Retrieve the variable template or variable template partial
  /// specialization which was specialized by this.
  llvm::PointerUnion<VarTemplateDecl *, VarTemplatePartialSpecializationDecl *>
  getSpecializedTemplateOrPartial() const {
    if (const auto *PartialSpec =
            SpecializedTemplate.dyn_cast<SpecializedPartialSpecialization *>())
      return PartialSpec->PartialSpecialization;
 
    return cast<VarTemplateDecl *>(SpecializedTemplate);
  }
 
  /// Retrieve the set of template arguments that should be used
  /// to instantiate the initializer of the variable template or variable
  /// template partial specialization from which this variable template
  /// specialization was instantiated.
  ///
  /// \returns For a variable template specialization instantiated from the
  /// primary template, this function will return the same template arguments
  /// as getTemplateArgs(). For a variable template specialization instantiated
  /// from a variable template partial specialization, this function will the
  /// return deduced template arguments for the variable template partial
  /// specialization itself.
  const TemplateArgumentList &getTemplateInstantiationArgs() const {
    if (const auto *PartialSpec =
            SpecializedTemplate.dyn_cast<SpecializedPartialSpecialization *>())
      return *PartialSpec->TemplateArgs;
 
    return getTemplateArgs();
  }
 
  /// Note that this variable template specialization is actually an
  /// instantiation of the given variable template partial specialization whose
  /// template arguments have been deduced.
  void setInstantiationOf(VarTemplatePartialSpecializationDecl *PartialSpec,
                          const TemplateArgumentList *TemplateArgs) {
    assert(!isa<SpecializedPartialSpecialization *>(SpecializedTemplate) &&
           "Already set to a variable template partial specialization!");
    auto *PS = new (getASTContext()) SpecializedPartialSpecialization();
    PS->PartialSpecialization = PartialSpec;
    PS->TemplateArgs = TemplateArgs;
    SpecializedTemplate = PS;
  }
 
  /// Note that this variable template specialization is an instantiation
  /// of the given variable template.
  void setInstantiationOf(VarTemplateDecl *TemplDecl) {
    assert(!isa<SpecializedPartialSpecialization *>(SpecializedTemplate) &&
           "Previously set to a variable template partial specialization!");
    SpecializedTemplate = TemplDecl;
  }
 
  /// Retrieve the template argument list as written in the sources,
  /// if any.
  const ASTTemplateArgumentListInfo *getTemplateArgsAsWritten() const {
    if (auto *Info =
            dyn_cast_if_present<ExplicitInstantiationInfo *>(ExplicitInfo))
      return Info->TemplateArgsAsWritten;
    return cast<const ASTTemplateArgumentListInfo *>(ExplicitInfo);
  }
 
  /// Set the template argument list as written in the sources.
  void
  setTemplateArgsAsWritten(const ASTTemplateArgumentListInfo *ArgsWritten) {
    if (auto *Info =
            dyn_cast_if_present<ExplicitInstantiationInfo *>(ExplicitInfo))
      Info->TemplateArgsAsWritten = ArgsWritten;
    else
      ExplicitInfo = ArgsWritten;
  }
 
  /// Set the template argument list as written in the sources.
  void setTemplateArgsAsWritten(const TemplateArgumentListInfo &ArgsInfo) {
    setTemplateArgsAsWritten(
        ASTTemplateArgumentListInfo::Create(getASTContext(), ArgsInfo));
  }
 
  /// Gets the location of the extern keyword, if present.
  SourceLocation getExternKeywordLoc() const {
    if (auto *Info =
            dyn_cast_if_present<ExplicitInstantiationInfo *>(ExplicitInfo))
      return Info->ExternKeywordLoc;
    return SourceLocation();
  }
 
  /// Sets the location of the extern keyword.
  void setExternKeywordLoc(SourceLocation Loc);
 
  /// Gets the location of the template keyword, if present.
  SourceLocation getTemplateKeywordLoc() const {
    if (auto *Info =
            dyn_cast_if_present<ExplicitInstantiationInfo *>(ExplicitInfo))
      return Info->TemplateKeywordLoc;
    return SourceLocation();
  }
 
  /// Sets the location of the template keyword.
  void setTemplateKeywordLoc(SourceLocation Loc);
 
  SourceRange getSourceRange() const override LLVM_READONLY;
 
  void Profile(llvm::FoldingSetNodeID &ID) const {
    Profile(ID, TemplateArgs->asArray(), getASTContext());
  }
 
  static void Profile(llvm::FoldingSetNodeID &ID,
                      ArrayRef<TemplateArgument> TemplateArgs,
                      const ASTContext &Context) {
    ID.AddInteger(TemplateArgs.size());
    for (const TemplateArgument &TemplateArg : TemplateArgs)
      TemplateArg.Profile(ID, Context);
  }
 
  static bool classof(const Decl *D) { return classofKind(D->getKind()); }
 
  static bool classofKind(Kind K) {
    return K >= firstVarTemplateSpecialization &&
           K <= lastVarTemplateSpecialization;
  }
};
 
class VarTemplatePartialSpecializationDecl
    : public VarTemplateSpecializationDecl {
  /// The list of template parameters
  TemplateParameterList *TemplateParams = nullptr;
 
  /// The variable template partial specialization from which this
  /// variable template partial specialization was instantiated.
  ///
  /// The boolean value will be true to indicate that this variable template
  /// partial specialization was specialized at this level.
  llvm::PointerIntPair<VarTemplatePartialSpecializationDecl *, 1, bool>
  InstantiatedFromMember;
 
  VarTemplatePartialSpecializationDecl(
      ASTContext &Context, DeclContext *DC, SourceLocation StartLoc,
      SourceLocation IdLoc, TemplateParameterList *Params,
      VarTemplateDecl *SpecializedTemplate, QualType T, TypeSourceInfo *TInfo,
      StorageClass S, ArrayRef<TemplateArgument> Args);
 
  VarTemplatePartialSpecializationDecl(ASTContext &Context)
      : VarTemplateSpecializationDecl(VarTemplatePartialSpecialization,
                                      Context),
        InstantiatedFromMember(nullptr, false) {}
 
  void anchor() override;
 
public:
  friend class ASTDeclReader;
  friend class ASTDeclWriter;
 
  static VarTemplatePartialSpecializationDecl *
  Create(ASTContext &Context, DeclContext *DC, SourceLocation StartLoc,
         SourceLocation IdLoc, TemplateParameterList *Params,
         VarTemplateDecl *SpecializedTemplate, QualType T,
         TypeSourceInfo *TInfo, StorageClass S,
         ArrayRef<TemplateArgument> Args);
 
  static VarTemplatePartialSpecializationDecl *
  CreateDeserialized(ASTContext &C, GlobalDeclID ID);
 
  VarTemplatePartialSpecializationDecl *getMostRecentDecl() {
    return cast<VarTemplatePartialSpecializationDecl>(
             static_cast<VarTemplateSpecializationDecl *>(
               this)->getMostRecentDecl());
  }
 
  /// Get the list of template parameters
  TemplateParameterList *getTemplateParameters() const {
    return TemplateParams;
  }
 
  /// Get the template argument list of the template parameter list.
  ArrayRef<TemplateArgument>
  getInjectedTemplateArgs(const ASTContext &Context) const {
    return getTemplateParameters()->getInjectedTemplateArgs(Context);
  }
 
  /// \brief All associated constraints of this partial specialization,
  /// including the requires clause and any constraints derived from
  /// constrained-parameters.
  ///
  /// The constraints in the resulting list are to be treated as if in a
  /// conjunction ("and").
  void getAssociatedConstraints(
      llvm::SmallVectorImpl<AssociatedConstraint> &AC) const {
    TemplateParams->getAssociatedConstraints(AC);
  }
 
  bool hasAssociatedConstraints() const {
    return TemplateParams->hasAssociatedConstraints();
  }
 
  /// \brief Retrieve the member variable template partial specialization from
  /// which this particular variable template partial specialization was
  /// instantiated.
  ///
  /// \code
  /// template<typename T>
  /// struct Outer {
  ///   template<typename U> U Inner;
  ///   template<typename U> U* Inner<U*> = (U*)(0); // #1
  /// };
  ///
  /// template int* Outer<float>::Inner<int*>;
  /// \endcode
  ///
  /// In this example, the instantiation of \c Outer<float>::Inner<int*> will
  /// end up instantiating the partial specialization
  /// \c Outer<float>::Inner<U*>, which itself was instantiated from the
  /// variable template partial specialization \c Outer<T>::Inner<U*>. Given
  /// \c Outer<float>::Inner<U*>, this function would return
  /// \c Outer<T>::Inner<U*>.
  VarTemplatePartialSpecializationDecl *getInstantiatedFromMember() const {
    const auto *First =
        cast<VarTemplatePartialSpecializationDecl>(getFirstDecl());
    return First->InstantiatedFromMember.getPointer();
  }
 
  void
  setInstantiatedFromMember(VarTemplatePartialSpecializationDecl *PartialSpec) {
    auto *First = cast<VarTemplatePartialSpecializationDecl>(getFirstDecl());
    First->InstantiatedFromMember.setPointer(PartialSpec);
  }
 
  /// Determines whether this variable template partial specialization
  /// was a specialization of a member partial specialization.
  ///
  /// In the following example, the member template partial specialization
  /// \c X<int>::Inner<T*> is a member specialization.
  ///
  /// \code
  /// template<typename T>
  /// struct X {
  ///   template<typename U> U Inner;
  ///   template<typename U> U* Inner<U*> = (U*)(0);
  /// };
  ///
  /// template<> template<typename T>
  /// U* X<int>::Inner<T*> = (T*)(0) + 1;
  /// \endcode
  bool isMemberSpecialization() const {
    const auto *First =
        cast<VarTemplatePartialSpecializationDecl>(getFirstDecl());
    return First->InstantiatedFromMember.getInt();
  }
 
  /// Note that this member template is a specialization.
  /// A partial specialization may be a member specialization even if it is not
  /// an instantiation of a member partial specialization.
  void setMemberSpecialization() {
    auto *First = cast<VarTemplatePartialSpecializationDecl>(getFirstDecl());
    return First->InstantiatedFromMember.setInt(true);
  }
 
  SourceRange getSourceRange() const override LLVM_READONLY;
 
  void Profile(llvm::FoldingSetNodeID &ID) const {
    Profile(ID, getTemplateArgs().asArray(), getTemplateParameters(),
            getASTContext());
  }
 
  static void
  Profile(llvm::FoldingSetNodeID &ID, ArrayRef<TemplateArgument> TemplateArgs,
          TemplateParameterList *TPL, const ASTContext &Context);
 
  static bool classof(const Decl *D) { return classofKind(D->getKind()); }
 
  static bool classofKind(Kind K) {
    return K == VarTemplatePartialSpecialization;
  }
};
 
/// Declaration of a variable template.
class VarTemplateDecl : public RedeclarableTemplateDecl {
protected:
  /// Data that is common to all of the declarations of a given
  /// variable template.
  struct Common : CommonBase {
    /// The variable template specializations for this variable
    /// template, including explicit specializations and instantiations.
    llvm::FoldingSetVector<VarTemplateSpecializationDecl> Specializations;
 
    /// The variable template partial specializations for this variable
    /// template.
    llvm::FoldingSetVector<VarTemplatePartialSpecializationDecl>
    PartialSpecializations;
 
    Common() = default;
  };
 
  /// Retrieve the set of specializations of this variable template.
  llvm::FoldingSetVector<VarTemplateSpecializationDecl> &
  getSpecializations() const;
 
  /// Retrieve the set of partial specializations of this class
  /// template.
  llvm::FoldingSetVector<VarTemplatePartialSpecializationDecl> &
  getPartialSpecializations() const;
 
  VarTemplateDecl(ASTContext &C, DeclContext *DC, SourceLocation L,
                  DeclarationName Name, TemplateParameterList *Params,
                  NamedDecl *Decl)
      : RedeclarableTemplateDecl(VarTemplate, C, DC, L, Name, Params, Decl) {}
 
  CommonBase *newCommon(ASTContext &C) const override;
 
  Common *getCommonPtr() const {
    return static_cast<Common *>(RedeclarableTemplateDecl::getCommonPtr());
  }
 
public:
  friend class ASTDeclReader;
  friend class ASTDeclWriter;
 
  /// Load any lazily-loaded specializations from the external source.
  void LoadLazySpecializations(bool OnlyPartial = false) const;
 
  /// Get the underlying variable declarations of the template.
  VarDecl *getTemplatedDecl() const {
    return static_cast<VarDecl *>(TemplatedDecl);
  }
 
  /// Returns whether this template declaration defines the primary
  /// variable pattern.
  bool isThisDeclarationADefinition() const {
    return getTemplatedDecl()->isThisDeclarationADefinition();
  }
 
  VarTemplateDecl *getDefinition();
 
  /// Create a variable template node.
  static VarTemplateDecl *Create(ASTContext &C, DeclContext *DC,
                                 SourceLocation L, DeclarationName Name,
                                 TemplateParameterList *Params,
                                 VarDecl *Decl);
 
  /// Create an empty variable template node.
  static VarTemplateDecl *CreateDeserialized(ASTContext &C, GlobalDeclID ID);
 
  /// Return the specialization with the provided arguments if it exists,
  /// otherwise return the insertion point.
  VarTemplateSpecializationDecl *
  findSpecialization(ArrayRef<TemplateArgument> Args,
                     llvm::FoldingSetInsertToken &InsertToken);
 
  /// Insert the specified specialization knowing that it is not already
  /// in. InsertToken must be obtained from findSpecialization.
  void AddSpecialization(VarTemplateSpecializationDecl *D,
                         llvm::FoldingSetInsertToken InsertToken);
 
  VarTemplateDecl *getCanonicalDecl() override {
    return cast<VarTemplateDecl>(RedeclarableTemplateDecl::getCanonicalDecl());
  }
  const VarTemplateDecl *getCanonicalDecl() const {
    return cast<VarTemplateDecl>(RedeclarableTemplateDecl::getCanonicalDecl());
  }
 
  /// Retrieve the previous declaration of this variable template, or
  /// nullptr if no such declaration exists.
  VarTemplateDecl *getPreviousDecl() {
    return cast_or_null<VarTemplateDecl>(
        static_cast<RedeclarableTemplateDecl *>(this)->getPreviousDecl());
  }
  const VarTemplateDecl *getPreviousDecl() const {
    return cast_or_null<VarTemplateDecl>(
            static_cast<const RedeclarableTemplateDecl *>(
              this)->getPreviousDecl());
  }
 
  VarTemplateDecl *getMostRecentDecl() {
    return cast<VarTemplateDecl>(
        static_cast<RedeclarableTemplateDecl *>(this)->getMostRecentDecl());
  }
  const VarTemplateDecl *getMostRecentDecl() const {
    return const_cast<VarTemplateDecl *>(this)->getMostRecentDecl();
  }
 
  VarTemplateDecl *getInstantiatedFromMemberTemplate() const {
    return cast_or_null<VarTemplateDecl>(
        RedeclarableTemplateDecl::getInstantiatedFromMemberTemplate());
  }
 
  /// Return the partial specialization with the provided arguments if it
  /// exists, otherwise return the insertion point.
  VarTemplatePartialSpecializationDecl *
  findPartialSpecialization(ArrayRef<TemplateArgument> Args,
                            TemplateParameterList *TPL,
                            llvm::FoldingSetInsertToken &InsertToken);
 
  /// Insert the specified partial specialization knowing that it is not
  /// already in. InsertToken must be obtained from findPartialSpecialization.
  void AddPartialSpecialization(VarTemplatePartialSpecializationDecl *D,
                                llvm::FoldingSetInsertToken InsertToken);
 
  /// Retrieve the partial specializations as an ordered list.
  void getPartialSpecializations(
      SmallVectorImpl<VarTemplatePartialSpecializationDecl *> &PS) const;
 
  /// Find a variable template partial specialization which was
  /// instantiated
  /// from the given member partial specialization.
  ///
  /// \param D a member variable template partial specialization.
  ///
  /// \returns the variable template partial specialization which was
  /// instantiated
  /// from the given member partial specialization, or nullptr if no such
  /// partial specialization exists.
  VarTemplatePartialSpecializationDecl *findPartialSpecInstantiatedFromMember(
      VarTemplatePartialSpecializationDecl *D);
 
  using spec_iterator = SpecIterator<VarTemplateSpecializationDecl>;
  using spec_range = llvm::iterator_range<spec_iterator>;
 
  spec_range specializations() const {
    return spec_range(spec_begin(), spec_end());
  }
 
  spec_iterator spec_begin() const {
    return makeSpecIterator(getSpecializations(), false);
  }
 
  spec_iterator spec_end() const {
    return makeSpecIterator(getSpecializations(), true);
  }
 
  // Implement isa/cast/dyncast support
  static bool classof(const Decl *D) { return classofKind(D->getKind()); }
  static bool classofKind(Kind K) { return K == VarTemplate; }
};
 
/// Declaration of a C++20 concept.
class ConceptDecl : public TemplateDecl, public Mergeable<ConceptDecl> {
protected:
  Expr *ConstraintExpr;
 
  ConceptDecl(DeclContext *DC, SourceLocation L, DeclarationName Name,
              TemplateParameterList *Params, Expr *ConstraintExpr)
      : TemplateDecl(Concept, DC, L, Name, Params),
        ConstraintExpr(ConstraintExpr) {};
public:
  static ConceptDecl *Create(ASTContext &C, DeclContext *DC, SourceLocation L,
                             DeclarationName Name,
                             TemplateParameterList *Params,
                             Expr *ConstraintExpr = nullptr);
  static ConceptDecl *CreateDeserialized(ASTContext &C, GlobalDeclID ID);
 
  Expr *getConstraintExpr() const {
    return ConstraintExpr;
  }
 
  bool hasDefinition() const { return ConstraintExpr != nullptr; }
 
  void setDefinition(Expr *E) { ConstraintExpr = E; }
 
  SourceRange getSourceRange() const override LLVM_READONLY {
    return SourceRange(getTemplateParameters()->getTemplateLoc(),
                       ConstraintExpr ? ConstraintExpr->getEndLoc()
                                      : SourceLocation());
  }
 
  bool isTypeConcept() const {
    return isa<TemplateTypeParmDecl>(getTemplateParameters()->getParam(0));
  }
 
  ConceptDecl *getCanonicalDecl() override {
    return cast<ConceptDecl>(getPrimaryMergedDecl(this));
  }
  const ConceptDecl *getCanonicalDecl() const {
    return const_cast<ConceptDecl *>(this)->getCanonicalDecl();
  }
 
  // Implement isa/cast/dyncast/etc.
  static bool classof(const Decl *D) { return classofKind(D->getKind()); }
  static bool classofKind(Kind K) { return K == Concept; }
 
  friend class ASTReader;
  friend class ASTDeclReader;
  friend class ASTDeclWriter;
};
 
// An implementation detail of ConceptSpecialicationExpr that holds the template
// arguments, so we can later use this to reconstitute the template arguments
// during constraint checking.
class ImplicitConceptSpecializationDecl final
    : public Decl,
      private llvm::TrailingObjects<ImplicitConceptSpecializationDecl,
                                    TemplateArgument> {
  unsigned NumTemplateArgs;
 
  ImplicitConceptSpecializationDecl(DeclContext *DC, SourceLocation SL,
                                    ArrayRef<TemplateArgument> ConvertedArgs);
  ImplicitConceptSpecializationDecl(EmptyShell Empty, unsigned NumTemplateArgs);
 
public:
  static ImplicitConceptSpecializationDecl *
  Create(const ASTContext &C, DeclContext *DC, SourceLocation SL,
         ArrayRef<TemplateArgument> ConvertedArgs);
  static ImplicitConceptSpecializationDecl *
  CreateDeserialized(const ASTContext &C, GlobalDeclID ID,
                     unsigned NumTemplateArgs);
 
  ArrayRef<TemplateArgument> getTemplateArguments() const {
    return getTrailingObjects(NumTemplateArgs);
  }
  void setTemplateArguments(ArrayRef<TemplateArgument> Converted);
 
  static bool classofKind(Kind K) { return K == ImplicitConceptSpecialization; }
  static bool classof(const Decl *D) { return classofKind(D->getKind()); }
 
  friend TrailingObjects;
  friend class ASTDeclReader;
};
 
/// A template parameter object.
///
/// Template parameter objects represent values of class type used as template
/// arguments. There is one template parameter object for each such distinct
/// value used as a template argument across the program.
///
/// \code
/// struct A { int x, y; };
/// template<A> struct S;
/// S<A{1, 2}> s1;
/// S<A{1, 2}> s2; // same type, argument is same TemplateParamObjectDecl.
/// \endcode
class TemplateParamObjectDecl : public ValueDecl,
                                public Mergeable<TemplateParamObjectDecl>,
                                public llvm::FoldingSetNode {
private:
  /// The value of this template parameter object.
  APValue Value;
 
  TemplateParamObjectDecl(DeclContext *DC, QualType T, const APValue &V)
      : ValueDecl(TemplateParamObject, DC, SourceLocation(), DeclarationName(),
                  T),
        Value(V) {}
 
  static TemplateParamObjectDecl *Create(const ASTContext &C, QualType T,
                                         const APValue &V);
  static TemplateParamObjectDecl *CreateDeserialized(ASTContext &C,
                                                     GlobalDeclID ID);
 
  /// Only ASTContext::getTemplateParamObjectDecl and deserialization
  /// create these.
  friend class ASTContext;
  friend class ASTReader;
  friend class ASTDeclReader;
 
public:
  /// Print this template parameter object in a human-readable format.
  void printName(llvm::raw_ostream &OS,
                 const PrintingPolicy &Policy) const override;
 
  /// Print this object as an equivalent expression.
  void printAsExpr(llvm::raw_ostream &OS) const;
  void printAsExpr(llvm::raw_ostream &OS, const PrintingPolicy &Policy) const;
 
  /// Print this object as an initializer suitable for a variable of the
  /// object's type.
  void printAsInit(llvm::raw_ostream &OS) const;
  void printAsInit(llvm::raw_ostream &OS, const PrintingPolicy &Policy) const;
 
  const APValue &getValue() const { return Value; }
 
  static void Profile(llvm::FoldingSetNodeID &ID, QualType T,
                      const APValue &V) {
    ID.AddPointer(T.getCanonicalType().getAsOpaquePtr());
    V.Profile(ID);
  }
  void Profile(llvm::FoldingSetNodeID &ID) {
    Profile(ID, getType(), getValue());
  }
 
  TemplateParamObjectDecl *getCanonicalDecl() override {
    return getFirstDecl();
  }
  const TemplateParamObjectDecl *getCanonicalDecl() const {
    return getFirstDecl();
  }
 
  static bool classof(const Decl *D) { return classofKind(D->getKind()); }
  static bool classofKind(Kind K) { return K == TemplateParamObject; }
};
 
/// Represents a C++26 expansion statement declaration.
///
/// This is a bit of a hack, since expansion statements shouldn't really be
/// 'declarations' per se (they don't declare anything). Nevertheless, we *do*
/// need them to be declaration *contexts*, because the DeclContext is used to
/// compute the 'template depth' of entities enclosed therein. In particular,
/// the 'template depth' is used to find instantiations of parameter variables.
/// A lambda enclosed within an expansion statement cannot compute its
/// template depth without a pointer to the enclosing expansion statement.
///
/// For the remainder of this comment, let 'expanding' an expansion statement
/// refer to the process of performing template substitution on its body N
/// times, where N is the expansion size (how this size is determined depends on
/// the kind of expansion statement); by contrast we may sometimes 'instantiate'
/// an expansion statement (because it happens to be in a template). This is
/// just regular template instantiation.
///
/// This node contains a 'CXXExpansionStmtPattern' as well as a
/// 'CXXExpansionStmtInstantiation'. These two members correspond to
/// distinct representations of the expansion statement: the former is used
/// prior to expansion and contains all the parts needed to perform expansion;
/// the latter holds the expanded/desugared AST nodes that result from the
/// expansion.
///
/// Additionally, there is a 'NonTypeTemplateParmDecl', which is a template
/// parameter that serves as the expansion index, e.g. during the N-th
/// expansion, it is set to 'N'. See the documentation of
/// 'CXXExpansionStmtPattern', for more information on how this is used.
///
/// After expansion, the 'CXXExpansionStmtPattern' is no longer updated and left
/// as-is; this also means that, if an already-expanded expansion statement is
/// inside a template, and that template is then instantiated, the
/// 'CXXExpansionStmtPattern' is *not* instantiated; only the
/// 'CXXExpansionStmtInstantiation' is. The latter is also what's used for
/// codegen and constant evaluation.
///
/// There are different kinds of expansion statements; see the comment on
/// 'CXXExpansionStmtPattern' for more information.
///
/// As an example, if the user writes the following expansion statement:
/// \verbatim
///   std::tuple<int, int, int> a{1, 2, 3};
///   template for (auto x : a) {
///     // ...
///   }
/// \endverbatim
///
/// The 'CXXExpansionStmtPattern' of this particular 'CXXExpansionStmtDecl'
/// stores, amongst other things, the declaration of the variable 'x' as well
/// as the expansion-initializer 'a'.
///
/// After expansion, we end up with a 'CXXExpansionStmtInstantiation' that
/// is *equivalent* to the AST shown below. Note that only the inner '{}' (i.e.
/// those marked as 'Actual "CompoundStmt"' below) are actually present as
/// 'CompoundStmt's in the AST; the outer braces that wrap everything do *not*
/// correspond to an actual 'CompoundStmt' and are implicit in the sense that we
/// simply push a scope when evaluating or emitting IR for a
/// 'CXXExpansionStmtInstantiation'.
///
/// \verbatim
/// { // Not actually present in the AST.
///   auto [__u0, __u1, __u2] = a;
///   { // Actual 'CompoundStmt'.
///     auto x = __u0;
///     // ...
///   }
///   { // Actual 'CompoundStmt'.
///     auto x = __u1;
///     // ...
///   }
///   { // Actual 'CompoundStmt'.
///     auto x = __u2;
///     // ...
///   }
/// }
/// \endverbatim
///
/// See the documentation around 'CXXExpansionStmtInstantiation' for more notes
/// as to why this node exist and how it is used.
///
/// \see CXXExpansionStmtPattern
/// \see CXXExpansionStmtInstantiation
class CXXExpansionStmtDecl : public Decl, public DeclContext {
  CXXExpansionStmtPattern *Pattern = nullptr;
  NonTypeTemplateParmDecl *IndexNTTP = nullptr;
  CXXExpansionStmtInstantiation *Instantiations = nullptr;
 
  CXXExpansionStmtDecl(DeclContext *DC, SourceLocation Loc,
                       NonTypeTemplateParmDecl *NTTP);
 
public:
  friend class ASTDeclReader;
 
  static CXXExpansionStmtDecl *Create(ASTContext &C, DeclContext *DC,
                                      SourceLocation Loc,
                                      NonTypeTemplateParmDecl *NTTP);
  static CXXExpansionStmtDecl *CreateDeserialized(ASTContext &C,
                                                  GlobalDeclID ID);
 
  CXXExpansionStmtPattern *getExpansionPattern() { return Pattern; }
  const CXXExpansionStmtPattern *getExpansionPattern() const { return Pattern; }
  void setExpansionPattern(CXXExpansionStmtPattern *S) { Pattern = S; }
 
  CXXExpansionStmtInstantiation *getInstantiations() { return Instantiations; }
  const CXXExpansionStmtInstantiation *getInstantiations() const {
    return Instantiations;
  }
 
  void setInstantiations(CXXExpansionStmtInstantiation *S) {
    Instantiations = S;
  }
 
  NonTypeTemplateParmDecl *getIndexTemplateParm() { return IndexNTTP; }
  const NonTypeTemplateParmDecl *getIndexTemplateParm() const {
    return IndexNTTP;
  }
 
  SourceRange getSourceRange() const override LLVM_READONLY;
 
  static bool classof(const Decl *D) { return classofKind(D->getKind()); }
  static bool classofKind(Kind K) { return K == CXXExpansionStmt; }
};
 
inline NamedDecl *getAsNamedDecl(TemplateParameter P) {
  if (auto *PD = P.dyn_cast<TemplateTypeParmDecl *>())
    return PD;
  if (auto *PD = P.dyn_cast<NonTypeTemplateParmDecl *>())
    return PD;
  return cast<TemplateTemplateParmDecl *>(P);
}
 
inline TemplateDecl *getAsTypeTemplateDecl(Decl *D) {
  auto *TD = dyn_cast<TemplateDecl>(D);
  return TD && (isa<ClassTemplateDecl>(TD) ||
                isa<ClassTemplatePartialSpecializationDecl>(TD) ||
                isa<TypeAliasTemplateDecl>(TD) ||
                [&]() {
                  if (const auto *TTP = dyn_cast<TemplateTemplateParmDecl>(TD))
                    return TTP->templateParameterKind() == TNK_Type_template;
                  return false;
                }())
             ? TD
             : nullptr;
}
 
/// Check whether the template parameter is a pack expansion, and if so,
/// determine the number of parameters produced by that expansion. For instance:
///
/// \code
/// template<typename ...Ts> struct A {
///   template<Ts ...NTs, template<Ts> class ...TTs, typename ...Us> struct B;
/// };
/// \endcode
///
/// In \c A<int,int>::B, \c NTs and \c TTs have expanded pack size 2, and \c Us
/// is not a pack expansion, so returns an empty Optional.
inline UnsignedOrNone getExpandedPackSize(const NamedDecl *Param) {
  if (const auto *TTP = dyn_cast<TemplateTypeParmDecl>(Param)) {
    if (UnsignedOrNone Num = TTP->getNumExpansionParameters())
      return Num;
  }
 
  if (const auto *NTTP = dyn_cast<NonTypeTemplateParmDecl>(Param)) {
    if (NTTP->isExpandedParameterPack())
      return NTTP->getNumExpansionTypes();
  }
 
  if (const auto *TTP = dyn_cast<TemplateTemplateParmDecl>(Param)) {
    if (TTP->isExpandedParameterPack())
      return TTP->getNumExpansionTemplateParameters();
  }
 
  return std::nullopt;
}
 
/// Internal helper used by Subst* nodes to retrieve a parameter from the
/// AssociatedDecl, and the template argument substituted into it, if any.
std::tuple<NamedDecl *, TemplateArgument>
getReplacedTemplateParameter(Decl *D, unsigned Index);
 
/// If we have a 'templated' declaration for a template, adjust 'D' to
/// refer to the actual template.
/// If we have an implicit instantiation, adjust 'D' to refer to template.
const Decl &adjustDeclToTemplate(const Decl &D);
 
/// Represents an explicit instantiation of a template entity in source code.
///
/// \code
///   template void ns::foo<int>(int);        // function template
///   extern template struct ns::S<int>;      // class template (extern)
///   template int ns::bar<int>;              // variable template
///   template void ns::S<int>::method(int);  // member function
/// \endcode
class ExplicitInstantiationDecl final
    : public Decl,
      private llvm::TrailingObjects<ExplicitInstantiationDecl,
                                    NestedNameSpecifierLoc,
                                    const ASTTemplateArgumentListInfo *> {
  friend class ASTDeclReader;
  friend class ASTDeclWriter;
  friend TrailingObjects;
 
  /// The underlying specialization (low 3 bits: TSK).
  llvm::PointerIntPair<NamedDecl *, 3, unsigned> SpecAndTSK;
 
  /// TypeSourceInfo (low 2 bits: trailing-object flags).
  /// Always non-null after construction.
  ///   - Class templates: TemplateSpecializationTypeLoc encoding keyword,
  ///     qualifier, template-name, and argument locations.
  ///   - Nested classes: TagTypeLoc encoding keyword, qualifier, and name.
  ///   - Function / variable templates: the declared type.
  llvm::PointerIntPair<TypeSourceInfo *, 2, unsigned> TypeAndFlags;
 
  /// Location of the 'extern' keyword (invalid if not extern template).
  SourceLocation ExternLoc;
 
  /// Location of the entity name (e.g., 'foo' in 'template void
  /// ns::foo<int>(int)').
  SourceLocation NameLoc;
 
  enum TrailingFlags : unsigned {
    HasQualifierFlag = 1,
    HasArgsAsWrittenFlag = 2,
  };
 
  size_t numTrailingObjects(OverloadToken<NestedNameSpecifierLoc>) const {
    return hasTrailingQualifier() ? 1 : 0;
  }
 
  /// For class templates / nested classes, returns the TypeLoc encoding the
  /// entity (TemplateSpecializationTypeLoc or TagTypeLoc).  For function /
  /// variable templates -- where TypeSourceInfo holds the declared type
  /// rather than the entity -- returns std::nullopt.
  std::optional<TypeLoc> getClassTypeLoc() const {
    if (!isa<RecordDecl>(getSpecialization()))
      return std::nullopt;
    if (auto *TSI = TypeAndFlags.getPointer())
      return TSI->getTypeLoc();
    return std::nullopt;
  }
 
  /// Raw TypeSourceInfo pointer, needed by the serializer.
  TypeSourceInfo *getRawTypeSourceInfo() const {
    return TypeAndFlags.getPointer();
  }
 
  /// Returns the trailing ASTTemplateArgumentListInfo pointer, or null.
  const ASTTemplateArgumentListInfo *getTrailingArgsInfo() const {
    if (!hasTrailingArgsAsWritten())
      return nullptr;
    return *getTrailingObjects<const ASTTemplateArgumentListInfo *>();
  }
 
  ExplicitInstantiationDecl(
      DeclContext *DC, NamedDecl *Specialization, SourceLocation ExternLoc,
      SourceLocation TemplateLoc, NestedNameSpecifierLoc QualifierLoc,
      const ASTTemplateArgumentListInfo *ArgsAsWritten, SourceLocation NameLoc,
      TypeSourceInfo *TypeAsWritten, TemplateSpecializationKind TSK);
 
  ExplicitInstantiationDecl(EmptyShell Empty)
      : Decl(ExplicitInstantiation, Empty) {}
 
public:
  static ExplicitInstantiationDecl *
  Create(ASTContext &C, DeclContext *DC, NamedDecl *Specialization,
         SourceLocation ExternLoc, SourceLocation TemplateLoc,
         NestedNameSpecifierLoc QualifierLoc,
         const ASTTemplateArgumentListInfo *ArgsAsWritten,
         SourceLocation NameLoc, TypeSourceInfo *TypeAsWritten,
         TemplateSpecializationKind TSK);
 
  static ExplicitInstantiationDecl *
  CreateDeserialized(ASTContext &C, GlobalDeclID ID, unsigned TrailingFlags);
 
  NamedDecl *getSpecialization() const { return SpecAndTSK.getPointer(); }
 
  SourceRange getSourceRange() const override LLVM_READONLY;
  SourceLocation getEndLoc() const LLVM_READONLY;
 
  SourceLocation getExternLoc() const { return ExternLoc; }
  SourceLocation getTemplateLoc() const { return getLocation(); }
  SourceLocation getNameLoc() const { return NameLoc; }
 
  /// The tag keyword (struct/class/union) location for class templates /
  /// nested classes; invalid for function / variable templates.
  SourceLocation getTagKWLoc() const;
 
  bool hasTrailingQualifier() const {
    return TypeAndFlags.getInt() & HasQualifierFlag;
  }
  bool hasTrailingArgsAsWritten() const {
    return TypeAndFlags.getInt() & HasArgsAsWrittenFlag;
  }
 
  /// Returns the qualifier regardless of where it is stored.
  /// For class templates / nested classes, extracted from the class TypeLoc;
  /// for function / variable templates, from a trailing object.
  NestedNameSpecifierLoc getQualifierLoc() const;
 
  /// Returns the number of explicit template arguments, or std::nullopt if
  /// this entity has no template argument list (e.g., nested classes).
  std::optional<unsigned> getNumTemplateArgs() const;
  TemplateArgumentLoc getTemplateArg(unsigned I) const;
  SourceLocation getTemplateArgsLAngleLoc() const;
  SourceLocation getTemplateArgsRAngleLoc() const;
 
  /// The declared type (return type or variable type) for function / variable
  /// templates.  Null for class templates and nested classes.
  TypeSourceInfo *getTypeAsWritten() const;
 
  TemplateSpecializationKind getTemplateSpecializationKind() const {
    return static_cast<TemplateSpecializationKind>(SpecAndTSK.getInt());
  }
 
  bool isExternTemplate() const { return ExternLoc.isValid(); }
 
  static bool classof(const Decl *D) { return classofKind(D->getKind()); }
  static bool classofKind(Kind K) { return K == ExplicitInstantiation; }
};
 
} // namespace clang
 
#endif // LLVM_CLANG_AST_DECLTEMPLATE_H