DeclPrinter.cpp

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//===--- DeclPrinter.cpp - Printing implementation for Decl ASTs ----------===//
//
// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
//
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
//
// This file implements the Decl::print method, which pretty prints the
// AST back out to C/Objective-C/C++/Objective-C++ code.
//
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
#include "clang/AST/ASTContext.h"
#include "clang/AST/Attr.h"
#include "clang/AST/Decl.h"
#include "clang/AST/DeclCXX.h"
#include "clang/AST/DeclObjC.h"
#include "clang/AST/DeclTemplate.h"
#include "clang/AST/DeclVisitor.h"
#include "clang/AST/Expr.h"
#include "clang/AST/ExprCXX.h"
#include "clang/AST/PrettyPrinter.h"
#include "clang/Basic/Module.h"
#include "clang/Basic/SourceManager.h"
#include "llvm/Support/raw_ostream.h"
using namespace clang;
 
namespace {
  class DeclPrinter : public DeclVisitor<DeclPrinter> {
    raw_ostream &Out;
    PrintingPolicy Policy;
    const ASTContext &Context;
    unsigned Indentation;
    bool PrintInstantiation;
 
    raw_ostream& Indent() { return Indent(Indentation); }
    raw_ostream& Indent(unsigned Indentation);
    void ProcessDeclGroup(SmallVectorImpl<Decl*>& Decls);
 
    void Print(AccessSpecifier AS);
    void PrintConstructorInitializers(CXXConstructorDecl *CDecl,
                                      std::string &Proto);
 
    /// Print an Objective-C method type in parentheses.
    ///
    /// \param Quals The Objective-C declaration qualifiers.
    /// \param T The type to print.
    void PrintObjCMethodType(ASTContext &Ctx, Decl::ObjCDeclQualifier Quals,
                             QualType T);
 
    void PrintObjCTypeParams(ObjCTypeParamList *Params);
    void PrintOpenACCRoutineOnLambda(Decl *D);
 
  public:
    DeclPrinter(raw_ostream &Out, const PrintingPolicy &Policy,
                const ASTContext &Context, unsigned Indentation = 0,
                bool PrintInstantiation = false)
        : Out(Out), Policy(Policy), Context(Context), Indentation(Indentation),
          PrintInstantiation(PrintInstantiation) {}
 
    void VisitDeclContext(DeclContext *DC, bool Indent = true);
 
    void VisitTranslationUnitDecl(TranslationUnitDecl *D);
    void VisitTypedefDecl(TypedefDecl *D);
    void VisitTypeAliasDecl(TypeAliasDecl *D);
    void VisitEnumDecl(EnumDecl *D);
    void VisitRecordDecl(RecordDecl *D);
    void VisitEnumConstantDecl(EnumConstantDecl *D);
    void VisitEmptyDecl(EmptyDecl *D);
    void VisitFunctionDecl(FunctionDecl *D);
    void VisitFriendDecl(FriendDecl *D);
    void VisitFieldDecl(FieldDecl *D);
    void VisitVarDecl(VarDecl *D);
    void VisitLabelDecl(LabelDecl *D);
    void VisitParmVarDecl(ParmVarDecl *D);
    void VisitFileScopeAsmDecl(FileScopeAsmDecl *D);
    void VisitTopLevelStmtDecl(TopLevelStmtDecl *D);
    void VisitImportDecl(ImportDecl *D);
    void VisitStaticAssertDecl(StaticAssertDecl *D);
    void VisitNamespaceDecl(NamespaceDecl *D);
    void VisitUsingDirectiveDecl(UsingDirectiveDecl *D);
    void VisitNamespaceAliasDecl(NamespaceAliasDecl *D);
    void VisitCXXRecordDecl(CXXRecordDecl *D);
    void VisitLinkageSpecDecl(LinkageSpecDecl *D);
    void VisitTemplateDecl(const TemplateDecl *D);
    void VisitFunctionTemplateDecl(FunctionTemplateDecl *D);
    void VisitClassTemplateDecl(ClassTemplateDecl *D);
    void VisitClassTemplateSpecializationDecl(
                                            ClassTemplateSpecializationDecl *D);
    void VisitClassTemplatePartialSpecializationDecl(
                                     ClassTemplatePartialSpecializationDecl *D);
    void VisitObjCMethodDecl(ObjCMethodDecl *D);
    void VisitObjCImplementationDecl(ObjCImplementationDecl *D);
    void VisitObjCInterfaceDecl(ObjCInterfaceDecl *D);
    void VisitObjCProtocolDecl(ObjCProtocolDecl *D);
    void VisitObjCCategoryImplDecl(ObjCCategoryImplDecl *D);
    void VisitObjCCategoryDecl(ObjCCategoryDecl *D);
    void VisitObjCCompatibleAliasDecl(ObjCCompatibleAliasDecl *D);
    void VisitObjCPropertyDecl(ObjCPropertyDecl *D);
    void VisitObjCPropertyImplDecl(ObjCPropertyImplDecl *D);
    void VisitUnresolvedUsingTypenameDecl(UnresolvedUsingTypenameDecl *D);
    void VisitUnresolvedUsingValueDecl(UnresolvedUsingValueDecl *D);
    void VisitUsingDecl(UsingDecl *D);
    void VisitUsingEnumDecl(UsingEnumDecl *D);
    void VisitUsingShadowDecl(UsingShadowDecl *D);
    void VisitOMPThreadPrivateDecl(OMPThreadPrivateDecl *D);
    void VisitOMPAllocateDecl(OMPAllocateDecl *D);
    void VisitOMPRequiresDecl(OMPRequiresDecl *D);
    void VisitOMPDeclareReductionDecl(OMPDeclareReductionDecl *D);
    void VisitOMPDeclareMapperDecl(OMPDeclareMapperDecl *D);
    void VisitOMPCapturedExprDecl(OMPCapturedExprDecl *D);
    void VisitTemplateTypeParmDecl(const TemplateTypeParmDecl *TTP);
    void VisitNonTypeTemplateParmDecl(const NonTypeTemplateParmDecl *NTTP);
    void VisitTemplateTemplateParmDecl(const TemplateTemplateParmDecl *);
    void VisitHLSLBufferDecl(HLSLBufferDecl *D);
 
    void VisitOpenACCDeclareDecl(OpenACCDeclareDecl *D);
    void VisitOpenACCRoutineDecl(OpenACCRoutineDecl *D);
 
    void printTemplateParameters(const TemplateParameterList *Params,
                                 bool OmitTemplateKW = false);
    void printTemplateArguments(ArrayRef<TemplateArgument> Args,
                                const TemplateParameterList *Params);
    void printTemplateArguments(ArrayRef<TemplateArgumentLoc> Args,
                                const TemplateParameterList *Params);
    enum class AttrPosAsWritten { Default = 0, Left, Right };
    bool
    prettyPrintAttributes(const Decl *D,
                          AttrPosAsWritten Pos = AttrPosAsWritten::Default);
    void prettyPrintPragmas(Decl *D);
    void printDeclType(QualType T, StringRef DeclName, bool Pack = false);
  };
}
 
void Decl::print(raw_ostream &Out, unsigned Indentation,
                 bool PrintInstantiation) const {
  print(Out, getASTContext().getPrintingPolicy(), Indentation, PrintInstantiation);
}
 
void Decl::print(raw_ostream &Out, const PrintingPolicy &Policy,
                 unsigned Indentation, bool PrintInstantiation) const {
  DeclPrinter Printer(Out, Policy, getASTContext(), Indentation,
                      PrintInstantiation);
  Printer.Visit(const_cast<Decl*>(this));
}
 
void TemplateParameterList::print(raw_ostream &Out, const ASTContext &Context,
                                  bool OmitTemplateKW) const {
  print(Out, Context, Context.getPrintingPolicy(), OmitTemplateKW);
}
 
void TemplateParameterList::print(raw_ostream &Out, const ASTContext &Context,
                                  const PrintingPolicy &Policy,
                                  bool OmitTemplateKW) const {
  DeclPrinter Printer(Out, Policy, Context);
  Printer.printTemplateParameters(this, OmitTemplateKW);
}
 
static QualType GetBaseType(QualType T) {
  // FIXME: This should be on the Type class!
  QualType BaseType = T;
  while (!BaseType->isSpecifierType()) {
    if (const PointerType *PTy = BaseType->getAs<PointerType>())
      BaseType = PTy->getPointeeType();
    else if (const ObjCObjectPointerType *OPT =
                 BaseType->getAs<ObjCObjectPointerType>())
      BaseType = OPT->getPointeeType();
    else if (const BlockPointerType *BPy = BaseType->getAs<BlockPointerType>())
      BaseType = BPy->getPointeeType();
    else if (const ArrayType *ATy = dyn_cast<ArrayType>(BaseType))
      BaseType = ATy->getElementType();
    else if (const FunctionType *FTy = BaseType->getAs<FunctionType>())
      BaseType = FTy->getReturnType();
    else if (const VectorType *VTy = BaseType->getAs<VectorType>())
      BaseType = VTy->getElementType();
    else if (const ReferenceType *RTy = BaseType->getAs<ReferenceType>())
      BaseType = RTy->getPointeeType();
    else if (const AutoType *ATy = BaseType->getAs<AutoType>())
      BaseType = ATy->getDeducedType();
    else if (const ParenType *PTy = BaseType->getAs<ParenType>())
      BaseType = PTy->desugar();
    else
      // This must be a syntax error.
      break;
  }
  return BaseType;
}
 
static QualType getDeclType(Decl* D) {
  if (TypedefNameDecl* TDD = dyn_cast<TypedefNameDecl>(D))
    return TDD->getUnderlyingType();
  if (ValueDecl* VD = dyn_cast<ValueDecl>(D))
    return VD->getType();
  return QualType();
}
 
void Decl::printGroup(Decl** Begin, unsigned NumDecls,
                      raw_ostream &Out, const PrintingPolicy &Policy,
                      unsigned Indentation) {
  if (NumDecls == 1) {
    (*Begin)->print(Out, Policy, Indentation);
    return;
  }
 
  Decl** End = Begin + NumDecls;
  if (isa<TagDecl>(*Begin))
    ++Begin;
 
  PrintingPolicy SubPolicy(Policy);
 
  bool isFirst = true;
  for ( ; Begin != End; ++Begin) {
    if (isFirst) {
      isFirst = false;
    } else {
      Out << ", ";
      SubPolicy.SuppressSpecifiers = true;
    }
 
    (*Begin)->print(Out, SubPolicy, Indentation);
  }
}
 
LLVM_DUMP_METHOD void DeclContext::dumpDeclContext() const {
  // Get the translation unit
  const DeclContext *DC = this;
  while (!DC->isTranslationUnit())
    DC = DC->getParent();
 
  ASTContext &Ctx = cast<TranslationUnitDecl>(DC)->getASTContext();
  DeclPrinter Printer(llvm::errs(), Ctx.getPrintingPolicy(), Ctx, 0);
  Printer.VisitDeclContext(const_cast<DeclContext *>(this), /*Indent=*/false);
}
 
raw_ostream& DeclPrinter::Indent(unsigned Indentation) {
  for (unsigned i = 0; i != Indentation; ++i)
    Out << "  ";
  return Out;
}
 
static DeclPrinter::AttrPosAsWritten getPosAsWritten(const Attr *A,
                                                     const Decl *D) {
  SourceLocation ALoc = A->getLoc();
  SourceLocation DLoc = D->getLocation();
  const ASTContext &C = D->getASTContext();
  if (ALoc.isInvalid() || DLoc.isInvalid())
    return DeclPrinter::AttrPosAsWritten::Left;
 
  if (C.getSourceManager().isBeforeInTranslationUnit(ALoc, DLoc))
    return DeclPrinter::AttrPosAsWritten::Left;
 
  return DeclPrinter::AttrPosAsWritten::Right;
}
 
// returns true if an attribute was printed.
bool DeclPrinter::prettyPrintAttributes(const Decl *D,
                                        AttrPosAsWritten Pos /*=Default*/) {
  bool hasPrinted = false;
 
  if (D->hasAttrs()) {
    const AttrVec &Attrs = D->getAttrs();
    for (auto *A : Attrs) {
      if (A->isInherited() || A->isImplicit())
        continue;
      // Print out the keyword attributes, they aren't regular attributes.
      if (Policy.PolishForDeclaration && !A->isKeywordAttribute())
        continue;
      switch (A->getKind()) {
#define ATTR(X)
#define PRAGMA_SPELLING_ATTR(X) case attr::X:
#include "clang/Basic/AttrList.inc"
        break;
      default:
        AttrPosAsWritten APos = getPosAsWritten(A, D);
        assert(APos != AttrPosAsWritten::Default &&
               "Default not a valid for an attribute location");
        if (Pos == AttrPosAsWritten::Default || Pos == APos) {
          if (Pos != AttrPosAsWritten::Left)
            Out << ' ';
          A->printPretty(Out, Policy);
          hasPrinted = true;
          if (Pos == AttrPosAsWritten::Left)
            Out << ' ';
        }
        break;
      }
    }
  }
  return hasPrinted;
}
 
void DeclPrinter::PrintOpenACCRoutineOnLambda(Decl *D) {
  CXXRecordDecl *CXXRD = nullptr;
  if (const auto *VD = dyn_cast<VarDecl>(D)) {
    if (const auto *Init = VD->getInit())
      CXXRD = Init->getType().isNull() ? nullptr
                                       : Init->getType()->getAsCXXRecordDecl();
  } else if (const auto *FD = dyn_cast<FieldDecl>(D)) {
    CXXRD =
        FD->getType().isNull() ? nullptr : FD->getType()->getAsCXXRecordDecl();
  }
 
  if (!CXXRD || !CXXRD->isLambda())
    return;
 
  if (const auto *Call = CXXRD->getLambdaCallOperator()) {
    for (auto *A : Call->specific_attrs<OpenACCRoutineDeclAttr>()) {
      A->printPretty(Out, Policy);
      Indent();
    }
  }
}
 
void DeclPrinter::prettyPrintPragmas(Decl *D) {
  if (Policy.PolishForDeclaration)
    return;
 
  PrintOpenACCRoutineOnLambda(D);
 
  if (D->hasAttrs()) {
    AttrVec &Attrs = D->getAttrs();
    for (auto *A : Attrs) {
      switch (A->getKind()) {
#define ATTR(X)
#define PRAGMA_SPELLING_ATTR(X) case attr::X:
#include "clang/Basic/AttrList.inc"
        A->printPretty(Out, Policy);
        Indent();
        break;
      default:
        break;
      }
    }
  }
}
 
void DeclPrinter::printDeclType(QualType T, StringRef DeclName, bool Pack) {
  // Normally, a PackExpansionType is written as T[3]... (for instance, as a
  // template argument), but if it is the type of a declaration, the ellipsis
  // is placed before the name being declared.
  if (auto *PET = T->getAs<PackExpansionType>()) {
    Pack = true;
    T = PET->getPattern();
  }
  T.print(Out, Policy, (Pack ? "..." : "") + DeclName, Indentation);
}
 
void DeclPrinter::ProcessDeclGroup(SmallVectorImpl<Decl*>& Decls) {
  this->Indent();
  Decl::printGroup(Decls.data(), Decls.size(), Out, Policy, Indentation);
  Out << ";\n";
  Decls.clear();
 
}
 
void DeclPrinter::Print(AccessSpecifier AS) {
  const auto AccessSpelling = getAccessSpelling(AS);
  if (AccessSpelling.empty())
    llvm_unreachable("No access specifier!");
  Out << AccessSpelling;
}
 
void DeclPrinter::PrintConstructorInitializers(CXXConstructorDecl *CDecl,
                                               std::string &Proto) {
  bool HasInitializerList = false;
  for (const auto *BMInitializer : CDecl->inits()) {
    if (BMInitializer->isInClassMemberInitializer())
      continue;
    if (!BMInitializer->isWritten())
      continue;
 
    if (!HasInitializerList) {
      Proto += " : ";
      Out << Proto;
      Proto.clear();
      HasInitializerList = true;
    } else
      Out << ", ";
 
    if (BMInitializer->isAnyMemberInitializer()) {
      FieldDecl *FD = BMInitializer->getAnyMember();
      Out << *FD;
    } else if (BMInitializer->isDelegatingInitializer()) {
      Out << CDecl->getNameAsString();
    } else {
      Out << QualType(BMInitializer->getBaseClass(), 0).getAsString(Policy);
    }
 
    if (Expr *Init = BMInitializer->getInit()) {
      bool OutParens = !isa<InitListExpr>(Init);
 
      if (OutParens)
        Out << "(";
 
      if (ExprWithCleanups *Tmp = dyn_cast<ExprWithCleanups>(Init))
        Init = Tmp->getSubExpr();
 
      Init = Init->IgnoreParens();
 
      Expr *SimpleInit = nullptr;
      Expr **Args = nullptr;
      unsigned NumArgs = 0;
      if (ParenListExpr *ParenList = dyn_cast<ParenListExpr>(Init)) {
        Args = ParenList->getExprs();
        NumArgs = ParenList->getNumExprs();
      } else if (CXXConstructExpr *Construct =
                     dyn_cast<CXXConstructExpr>(Init)) {
        Args = Construct->getArgs();
        NumArgs = Construct->getNumArgs();
      } else
        SimpleInit = Init;
 
      if (SimpleInit)
        SimpleInit->printPretty(Out, nullptr, Policy, Indentation, "\n",
                                &Context);
      else {
        for (unsigned I = 0; I != NumArgs; ++I) {
          assert(Args[I] != nullptr && "Expected non-null Expr");
          if (isa<CXXDefaultArgExpr>(Args[I]))
            break;
 
          if (I)
            Out << ", ";
          Args[I]->printPretty(Out, nullptr, Policy, Indentation, "\n",
                               &Context);
        }
      }
 
      if (OutParens)
        Out << ")";
    } else {
      Out << "()";
    }
 
    if (BMInitializer->isPackExpansion())
      Out << "...";
  }
}
 
//----------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Common C declarations
//----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
void DeclPrinter::VisitDeclContext(DeclContext *DC, bool Indent) {
  if (Policy.TerseOutput)
    return;
 
  if (Indent)
    Indentation += Policy.Indentation;
 
  SmallVector<Decl*, 2> Decls;
  for (DeclContext::decl_iterator D = DC->decls_begin(), DEnd = DC->decls_end();
       D != DEnd; ++D) {
 
    // Don't print ObjCIvarDecls, as they are printed when visiting the
    // containing ObjCInterfaceDecl.
    if (isa<ObjCIvarDecl>(*D))
      continue;
 
    // Skip over implicit declarations in pretty-printing mode.
    if (D->isImplicit())
      continue;
 
    // Don't print implicit specializations, as they are printed when visiting
    // corresponding templates.
    if (auto FD = dyn_cast<FunctionDecl>(*D))
      if (FD->getTemplateSpecializationKind() == TSK_ImplicitInstantiation &&
          !isa<ClassTemplateSpecializationDecl>(DC))
        continue;
 
    // The next bits of code handle stuff like "struct {int x;} a,b"; we're
    // forced to merge the declarations because there's no other way to
    // refer to the struct in question.  When that struct is named instead, we
    // also need to merge to avoid splitting off a stand-alone struct
    // declaration that produces the warning ext_no_declarators in some
    // contexts.
    //
    // This limited merging is safe without a bunch of other checks because it
    // only merges declarations directly referring to the tag, not typedefs.
    //
    // Check whether the current declaration should be grouped with a previous
    // non-free-standing tag declaration.
    QualType CurDeclType = getDeclType(*D);
    if (!Decls.empty() && !CurDeclType.isNull()) {
      QualType BaseType = GetBaseType(CurDeclType);
      if (const auto *TT = dyn_cast_or_null<TagType>(BaseType);
          TT && TT->isTagOwned()) {
        if (TT->getDecl() == Decls[0]) {
          Decls.push_back(*D);
          continue;
        }
      }
    }
 
    // If we have a merged group waiting to be handled, handle it now.
    if (!Decls.empty())
      ProcessDeclGroup(Decls);
 
    // If the current declaration is not a free standing declaration, save it
    // so we can merge it with the subsequent declaration(s) using it.
    if (isa<TagDecl>(*D) && !cast<TagDecl>(*D)->isFreeStanding()) {
      Decls.push_back(*D);
      continue;
    }
 
    if (isa<AccessSpecDecl>(*D)) {
      Indentation -= Policy.Indentation;
      this->Indent();
      Print(D->getAccess());
      Out << ":\n";
      Indentation += Policy.Indentation;
      continue;
    }
 
    this->Indent();
    Visit(*D);
 
    // FIXME: Need to be able to tell the DeclPrinter when
    const char *Terminator = nullptr;
    if (isa<OMPThreadPrivateDecl>(*D) || isa<OMPDeclareReductionDecl>(*D) ||
        isa<OMPDeclareMapperDecl>(*D) || isa<OMPRequiresDecl>(*D) ||
        isa<OMPAllocateDecl>(*D))
      Terminator = nullptr;
    else if (isa<OpenACCDeclareDecl, OpenACCRoutineDecl>(*D))
      Terminator = nullptr;
    else if (isa<ObjCMethodDecl>(*D) && cast<ObjCMethodDecl>(*D)->hasBody())
      Terminator = nullptr;
    else if (auto FD = dyn_cast<FunctionDecl>(*D)) {
      if (FD->doesThisDeclarationHaveABody() && !FD->isDefaulted())
        Terminator = nullptr;
      else
        Terminator = ";";
    } else if (auto TD = dyn_cast<FunctionTemplateDecl>(*D)) {
      if (TD->getTemplatedDecl()->doesThisDeclarationHaveABody())
        Terminator = nullptr;
      else
        Terminator = ";";
    } else if (isa<NamespaceDecl, LinkageSpecDecl, ObjCImplementationDecl,
                   ObjCInterfaceDecl, ObjCProtocolDecl, ObjCCategoryImplDecl,
                   ObjCCategoryDecl, HLSLBufferDecl>(*D))
      Terminator = nullptr;
    else if (isa<EnumConstantDecl>(*D)) {
      DeclContext::decl_iterator Next = D;
      ++Next;
      if (Next != DEnd)
        Terminator = ",";
    } else
      Terminator = ";";
 
    if (Terminator)
      Out << Terminator;
    if (!Policy.TerseOutput &&
        ((isa<FunctionDecl>(*D) &&
          cast<FunctionDecl>(*D)->doesThisDeclarationHaveABody()) ||
         (isa<FunctionTemplateDecl>(*D) &&
          cast<FunctionTemplateDecl>(*D)->getTemplatedDecl()->doesThisDeclarationHaveABody())))
      ; // StmtPrinter already added '\n' after CompoundStmt.
    else
      Out << "\n";
 
    // Declare target attribute is special one, natural spelling for the pragma
    // assumes "ending" construct so print it here.
    if (D->hasAttr<OMPDeclareTargetDeclAttr>())
      Out << "#pragma omp end declare target\n";
  }
 
  if (!Decls.empty())
    ProcessDeclGroup(Decls);
 
  if (Indent)
    Indentation -= Policy.Indentation;
}
 
void DeclPrinter::VisitTranslationUnitDecl(TranslationUnitDecl *D) {
  VisitDeclContext(D, false);
}
 
void DeclPrinter::VisitTypedefDecl(TypedefDecl *D) {
  if (!Policy.SuppressSpecifiers) {
    Out << "typedef ";
 
    if (D->isModulePrivate())
      Out << "__module_private__ ";
  }
  QualType Ty = D->getTypeSourceInfo()->getType();
  Ty.print(Out, Policy, D->getName(), Indentation);
  prettyPrintAttributes(D);
}
 
void DeclPrinter::VisitTypeAliasDecl(TypeAliasDecl *D) {
  Out << "using " << *D;
  prettyPrintAttributes(D);
  Out << " = " << D->getTypeSourceInfo()->getType().getAsString(Policy);
}
 
void DeclPrinter::VisitEnumDecl(EnumDecl *D) {
  if (!Policy.SuppressSpecifiers && D->isModulePrivate())
    Out << "__module_private__ ";
  Out << "enum";
  if (D->isScoped()) {
    if (D->isScopedUsingClassTag())
      Out << " class";
    else
      Out << " struct";
  }
 
  prettyPrintAttributes(D);
 
  if (D->getDeclName())
    Out << ' ' << D->getDeclName();
 
  if (D->isFixed())
    Out << " : " << D->getIntegerType().stream(Policy);
 
  if (D->isCompleteDefinition()) {
    Out << " {\n";
    VisitDeclContext(D);
    Indent() << "}";
  }
}
 
void DeclPrinter::VisitRecordDecl(RecordDecl *D) {
  if (!Policy.SuppressSpecifiers && D->isModulePrivate())
    Out << "__module_private__ ";
  Out << D->getKindName();
 
  prettyPrintAttributes(D);
 
  if (D->getIdentifier())
    Out << ' ' << *D;
 
  if (D->isCompleteDefinition()) {
    Out << " {\n";
    VisitDeclContext(D);
    Indent() << "}";
  }
}
 
void DeclPrinter::VisitEnumConstantDecl(EnumConstantDecl *D) {
  Out << *D;
  prettyPrintAttributes(D);
  if (Expr *Init = D->getInitExpr()) {
    Out << " = ";
    Init->printPretty(Out, nullptr, Policy, Indentation, "\n", &Context);
  }
}
 
static void printExplicitSpecifier(ExplicitSpecifier ES, llvm::raw_ostream &Out,
                                   PrintingPolicy &Policy, unsigned Indentation,
                                   const ASTContext &Context) {
  std::string Proto = "explicit";
  llvm::raw_string_ostream EOut(Proto);
  if (ES.getExpr()) {
    EOut << "(";
    ES.getExpr()->printPretty(EOut, nullptr, Policy, Indentation, "\n",
                              &Context);
    EOut << ")";
  }
  EOut << " ";
  Out << Proto;
}
 
void DeclPrinter::VisitFunctionDecl(FunctionDecl *D) {
  if (!D->getDescribedFunctionTemplate() &&
      !D->isFunctionTemplateSpecialization()) {
    prettyPrintPragmas(D);
    prettyPrintAttributes(D, AttrPosAsWritten::Left);
  }
 
  if (D->isFunctionTemplateSpecialization())
    Out << "template<> ";
  else if (!D->getDescribedFunctionTemplate()) {
    for (unsigned I = 0, NumTemplateParams = D->getNumTemplateParameterLists();
         I < NumTemplateParams; ++I)
      printTemplateParameters(D->getTemplateParameterList(I));
  }
 
  CXXConstructorDecl *CDecl = dyn_cast<CXXConstructorDecl>(D);
  CXXConversionDecl *ConversionDecl = dyn_cast<CXXConversionDecl>(D);
  CXXDeductionGuideDecl *GuideDecl = dyn_cast<CXXDeductionGuideDecl>(D);
  if (!Policy.SuppressSpecifiers) {
    switch (D->getStorageClass()) {
    case SC_None: break;
    case SC_Extern: Out << "extern "; break;
    case SC_Static: Out << "static "; break;
    case SC_PrivateExtern: Out << "__private_extern__ "; break;
    case SC_Auto: case SC_Register:
      llvm_unreachable("invalid for functions");
    }
 
    if (D->isInlineSpecified())  Out << "inline ";
    if (D->isVirtualAsWritten()) Out << "virtual ";
    if (D->isModulePrivate())    Out << "__module_private__ ";
    if (D->isConstexprSpecified() && !D->isExplicitlyDefaulted())
      Out << "constexpr ";
    if (D->isConsteval())        Out << "consteval ";
    else if (D->isImmediateFunction())
      Out << "immediate ";
    ExplicitSpecifier ExplicitSpec = ExplicitSpecifier::getFromDecl(D);
    if (ExplicitSpec.isSpecified())
      printExplicitSpecifier(ExplicitSpec, Out, Policy, Indentation, Context);
  }
 
  PrintingPolicy SubPolicy(Policy);
  SubPolicy.SuppressSpecifiers = false;
  std::string Proto;
 
  if (Policy.FullyQualifiedName) {
    Proto += D->getQualifiedNameAsString();
  } else {
    llvm::raw_string_ostream OS(Proto);
    if (!Policy.SuppressScope)
      D->getQualifier().print(OS, Policy);
    D->getNameInfo().printName(OS, Policy);
  }
 
  if (GuideDecl)
    Proto = GuideDecl->getDeducedTemplate()->getDeclName().getAsString();
  if (D->isFunctionTemplateSpecialization()) {
    llvm::raw_string_ostream POut(Proto);
    DeclPrinter TArgPrinter(POut, SubPolicy, Context, Indentation);
    const auto *TArgAsWritten = D->getTemplateSpecializationArgsAsWritten();
    if (TArgAsWritten && !Policy.PrintAsCanonical)
      TArgPrinter.printTemplateArguments(TArgAsWritten->arguments(), nullptr);
    else if (const TemplateArgumentList *TArgs =
                 D->getTemplateSpecializationArgs())
      TArgPrinter.printTemplateArguments(TArgs->asArray(), nullptr);
  }
 
  QualType Ty = D->getType();
  while (const ParenType *PT = dyn_cast<ParenType>(Ty)) {
    Proto = '(' + Proto + ')';
    Ty = PT->getInnerType();
  }
 
  if (const FunctionType *AFT = Ty->getAs<FunctionType>()) {
    const FunctionProtoType *FT = nullptr;
    if (D->hasWrittenPrototype())
      FT = dyn_cast<FunctionProtoType>(AFT);
 
    Proto += "(";
    if (FT) {
      llvm::raw_string_ostream POut(Proto);
      DeclPrinter ParamPrinter(POut, SubPolicy, Context, Indentation);
      for (unsigned i = 0, e = D->getNumParams(); i != e; ++i) {
        if (i) POut << ", ";
        ParamPrinter.VisitParmVarDecl(D->getParamDecl(i));
      }
 
      if (FT->isVariadic()) {
        if (D->getNumParams()) POut << ", ";
        POut << "...";
      } else if (!D->getNumParams() && !Context.getLangOpts().CPlusPlus) {
        // The function has a prototype, so it needs to retain the prototype
        // in C.
        POut << "void";
      }
    } else if (D->doesThisDeclarationHaveABody() && !D->hasPrototype()) {
      for (unsigned i = 0, e = D->getNumParams(); i != e; ++i) {
        if (i)
          Proto += ", ";
        Proto += D->getParamDecl(i)->getNameAsString();
      }
    }
 
    Proto += ")";
 
    if (FT) {
      if (FT->isConst())
        Proto += " const";
      if (FT->isVolatile())
        Proto += " volatile";
      if (FT->isRestrict())
        Proto += " restrict";
 
      switch (FT->getRefQualifier()) {
      case RQ_None:
        break;
      case RQ_LValue:
        Proto += " &";
        break;
      case RQ_RValue:
        Proto += " &&";
        break;
      }
    }
 
    if (FT && FT->hasDynamicExceptionSpec()) {
      Proto += " throw(";
      if (FT->getExceptionSpecType() == EST_MSAny)
        Proto += "...";
      else
        for (unsigned I = 0, N = FT->getNumExceptions(); I != N; ++I) {
          if (I)
            Proto += ", ";
 
          Proto += FT->getExceptionType(I).getAsString(SubPolicy);
        }
      Proto += ")";
    } else if (FT && isNoexceptExceptionSpec(FT->getExceptionSpecType())) {
      Proto += " noexcept";
      if (isComputedNoexcept(FT->getExceptionSpecType())) {
        Proto += "(";
        llvm::raw_string_ostream EOut(Proto);
        FT->getNoexceptExpr()->printPretty(EOut, nullptr, SubPolicy,
                                           Indentation, "\n", &Context);
        Proto += ")";
      }
    }
 
    if (CDecl) {
      if (!Policy.TerseOutput)
        PrintConstructorInitializers(CDecl, Proto);
    } else if (!ConversionDecl && !isa<CXXDestructorDecl>(D)) {
      if (FT && FT->hasTrailingReturn()) {
        if (!GuideDecl)
          Out << "auto ";
        Out << Proto << " -> ";
        Proto.clear();
      }
      AFT->getReturnType().print(Out, Policy, Proto);
      Proto.clear();
    }
    Out << Proto;
 
    if (const AssociatedConstraint &TrailingRequiresClause =
            D->getTrailingRequiresClause()) {
      Out << " requires ";
      // FIXME: The printer could support printing expressions and types as if
      // expanded by an index. Pass in the ArgumentPackSubstitutionIndex when
      // that's supported.
      TrailingRequiresClause.ConstraintExpr->printPretty(
          Out, nullptr, SubPolicy, Indentation, "\n", &Context);
    }
  } else {
    Ty.print(Out, Policy, Proto);
  }
 
  prettyPrintAttributes(D, AttrPosAsWritten::Right);
 
  if (D->isPureVirtual())
    Out << " = 0";
  else if (D->isDeletedAsWritten()) {
    Out << " = delete";
    if (const StringLiteral *M = D->getDeletedMessage()) {
      Out << "(";
      M->outputString(Out);
      Out << ")";
    }
  } else if (D->isExplicitlyDefaulted())
    Out << " = default";
  else if (D->doesThisDeclarationHaveABody()) {
    if (!Policy.TerseOutput) {
      if (!D->hasPrototype() && D->getNumParams()) {
        // This is a K&R function definition, so we need to print the
        // parameters.
        Out << '\n';
        DeclPrinter ParamPrinter(Out, SubPolicy, Context, Indentation);
        Indentation += Policy.Indentation;
        for (unsigned i = 0, e = D->getNumParams(); i != e; ++i) {
          Indent();
          ParamPrinter.VisitParmVarDecl(D->getParamDecl(i));
          Out << ";\n";
        }
        Indentation -= Policy.Indentation;
      }
 
      if (D->getBody())
        D->getBody()->printPrettyControlled(Out, nullptr, SubPolicy, Indentation, "\n",
                                  &Context);
    } else {
      if (!Policy.TerseOutput && isa<CXXConstructorDecl>(*D))
        Out << " {}";
    }
  }
}
 
void DeclPrinter::VisitFriendDecl(FriendDecl *D) {
  if (TypeSourceInfo *TSI = D->getFriendType()) {
    unsigned NumTPLists = D->getFriendTypeNumTemplateParameterLists();
    for (unsigned i = 0; i < NumTPLists; ++i)
      printTemplateParameters(D->getFriendTypeTemplateParameterList(i));
    Out << "friend ";
    Out << TSI->getType().getAsString(Policy);
  }
  else if (FunctionDecl *FD =
      dyn_cast<FunctionDecl>(D->getFriendDecl())) {
    Out << "friend ";
    VisitFunctionDecl(FD);
  }
  else if (FunctionTemplateDecl *FTD =
           dyn_cast<FunctionTemplateDecl>(D->getFriendDecl())) {
    Out << "friend ";
    VisitFunctionTemplateDecl(FTD);
  }
  else if (ClassTemplateDecl *CTD =
           dyn_cast<ClassTemplateDecl>(D->getFriendDecl())) {
    Out << "friend ";
    VisitRedeclarableTemplateDecl(CTD);
  }
 
  if (D->isPackExpansion())
    Out << "...";
}
 
void DeclPrinter::VisitFieldDecl(FieldDecl *D) {
  prettyPrintPragmas(D);
  // FIXME: add printing of pragma attributes if required.
  if (!Policy.SuppressSpecifiers && D->isMutable())
    Out << "mutable ";
  if (!Policy.SuppressSpecifiers && D->isModulePrivate())
    Out << "__module_private__ ";
 
  Out << D->getASTContext().getUnqualifiedObjCPointerType(D->getType()).
         stream(Policy, D->getName(), Indentation);
 
  if (D->isBitField()) {
    Out << " : ";
    D->getBitWidth()->printPretty(Out, nullptr, Policy, Indentation, "\n",
                                  &Context);
  }
 
  Expr *Init = D->getInClassInitializer();
  if (!Policy.SuppressInitializers && Init) {
    if (D->getInClassInitStyle() == ICIS_ListInit)
      Out << " ";
    else
      Out << " = ";
    Init->printPretty(Out, nullptr, Policy, Indentation, "\n", &Context);
  }
  prettyPrintAttributes(D);
}
 
void DeclPrinter::VisitLabelDecl(LabelDecl *D) {
  Out << *D << ":";
}
 
void DeclPrinter::VisitVarDecl(VarDecl *D) {
  prettyPrintPragmas(D);
 
  prettyPrintAttributes(D, AttrPosAsWritten::Left);
 
  if (const auto *Param = dyn_cast<ParmVarDecl>(D);
      Param && Param->isExplicitObjectParameter())
    Out << "this ";
 
  QualType T = D->getTypeSourceInfo()
    ? D->getTypeSourceInfo()->getType()
    : D->getASTContext().getUnqualifiedObjCPointerType(D->getType());
 
  if (!Policy.SuppressSpecifiers) {
    StorageClass SC = D->getStorageClass();
    if (SC != SC_None)
      Out << VarDecl::getStorageClassSpecifierString(SC) << " ";
 
    switch (D->getTSCSpec()) {
    case TSCS_unspecified:
      break;
    case TSCS___thread:
      Out << "__thread ";
      break;
    case TSCS__Thread_local:
      Out << "_Thread_local ";
      break;
    case TSCS_thread_local:
      Out << "thread_local ";
      break;
    }
 
    if (D->isModulePrivate())
      Out << "__module_private__ ";
 
    if (D->isConstexpr()) {
      Out << "constexpr ";
      T.removeLocalConst();
    }
  }
 
  printDeclType(T, (isa<ParmVarDecl>(D) && Policy.CleanUglifiedParameters &&
                    D->getIdentifier())
                       ? D->getIdentifier()->deuglifiedName()
                       : D->getName());
 
  prettyPrintAttributes(D, AttrPosAsWritten::Right);
 
  Expr *Init = D->getInit();
  if (!Policy.SuppressInitializers && Init) {
    bool ImplicitInit = false;
    if (D->isCXXForRangeDecl()) {
      // FIXME: We should print the range expression instead.
      ImplicitInit = true;
    } else if (CXXConstructExpr *Construct =
                   dyn_cast<CXXConstructExpr>(Init->IgnoreImplicit())) {
      if (D->getInitStyle() == VarDecl::CallInit &&
          !Construct->isListInitialization()) {
        ImplicitInit = Construct->getNumArgs() == 0 ||
                       Construct->getArg(0)->isDefaultArgument();
      }
    }
    if (!ImplicitInit) {
      if ((D->getInitStyle() == VarDecl::CallInit) && !isa<ParenListExpr>(Init))
        Out << "(";
      else if (D->getInitStyle() == VarDecl::CInit) {
        Out << " = ";
      }
      PrintingPolicy SubPolicy(Policy);
      SubPolicy.SuppressSpecifiers = false;
      Init->printPretty(Out, nullptr, SubPolicy, Indentation, "\n", &Context);
      if ((D->getInitStyle() == VarDecl::CallInit) && !isa<ParenListExpr>(Init))
        Out << ")";
    }
  }
}
 
void DeclPrinter::VisitParmVarDecl(ParmVarDecl *D) {
  VisitVarDecl(D);
}
 
void DeclPrinter::VisitFileScopeAsmDecl(FileScopeAsmDecl *D) {
  Out << "__asm (";
  D->getAsmStringExpr()->printPretty(Out, nullptr, Policy, Indentation, "\n",
                                     &Context);
  Out << ")";
}
 
void DeclPrinter::VisitTopLevelStmtDecl(TopLevelStmtDecl *D) {
  assert(D->getStmt());
  D->getStmt()->printPretty(Out, nullptr, Policy, Indentation, "\n", &Context);
}
 
void DeclPrinter::VisitImportDecl(ImportDecl *D) {
  Out << "@import " << D->getImportedModule()->getFullModuleName()
      << ";\n";
}
 
void DeclPrinter::VisitStaticAssertDecl(StaticAssertDecl *D) {
  Out << "static_assert(";
  D->getAssertExpr()->printPretty(Out, nullptr, Policy, Indentation, "\n",
                                  &Context);
  if (Expr *E = D->getMessage()) {
    Out << ", ";
    E->printPretty(Out, nullptr, Policy, Indentation, "\n", &Context);
  }
  Out << ")";
}
 
//----------------------------------------------------------------------------
// C++ declarations
//----------------------------------------------------------------------------
void DeclPrinter::VisitNamespaceDecl(NamespaceDecl *D) {
  if (D->isInline())
    Out << "inline ";
 
  Out << "namespace ";
  if (D->getDeclName())
    Out << D->getDeclName() << ' ';
  Out << "{\n";
 
  VisitDeclContext(D);
  Indent() << "}";
}
 
void DeclPrinter::VisitUsingDirectiveDecl(UsingDirectiveDecl *D) {
  Out << "using namespace ";
  D->getQualifier().print(Out, Policy);
  Out << *D->getNominatedNamespaceAsWritten();
}
 
void DeclPrinter::VisitNamespaceAliasDecl(NamespaceAliasDecl *D) {
  Out << "namespace " << *D << " = ";
  D->getQualifier().print(Out, Policy);
  Out << *D->getAliasedNamespace();
}
 
void DeclPrinter::VisitEmptyDecl(EmptyDecl *D) {
  prettyPrintAttributes(D);
}
 
void DeclPrinter::VisitCXXRecordDecl(CXXRecordDecl *D) {
  // FIXME: add printing of pragma attributes if required.
  if (!Policy.SuppressSpecifiers && D->isModulePrivate())
    Out << "__module_private__ ";
 
  Out << D->getKindName() << ' ';
 
  // FIXME: Move before printing the decl kind to match the behavior of the
  // attribute printing for variables and function where they are printed first.
  if (prettyPrintAttributes(D, AttrPosAsWritten::Left))
    Out << ' ';
 
  if (D->getIdentifier()) {
    D->getQualifier().print(Out, Policy);
    Out << *D;
 
    if (auto *S = dyn_cast<ClassTemplateSpecializationDecl>(D)) {
      const TemplateParameterList *TParams =
          S->getSpecializedTemplate()->getTemplateParameters();
      const ASTTemplateArgumentListInfo *TArgAsWritten =
          S->getTemplateArgsAsWritten();
      if (TArgAsWritten && !Policy.PrintAsCanonical)
        printTemplateArguments(TArgAsWritten->arguments(), TParams);
      else
        printTemplateArguments(S->getTemplateArgs().asArray(), TParams);
    }
  }
 
  prettyPrintAttributes(D, AttrPosAsWritten::Right);
 
  if (D->isCompleteDefinition()) {
    Out << ' ';
    // Print the base classes
    if (D->getNumBases()) {
      Out << ": ";
      for (CXXRecordDecl::base_class_iterator Base = D->bases_begin(),
             BaseEnd = D->bases_end(); Base != BaseEnd; ++Base) {
        if (Base != D->bases_begin())
          Out << ", ";
 
        if (Base->isVirtual())
          Out << "virtual ";
 
        AccessSpecifier AS = Base->getAccessSpecifierAsWritten();
        if (AS != AS_none) {
          Print(AS);
          Out << " ";
        }
        Out << Base->getType().getAsString(Policy);
 
        if (Base->isPackExpansion())
          Out << "...";
      }
      Out << ' ';
    }
 
    // Print the class definition
    // FIXME: Doesn't print access specifiers, e.g., "public:"
    if (Policy.TerseOutput) {
      Out << "{}";
    } else {
      Out << "{\n";
      VisitDeclContext(D);
      Indent() << "}";
    }
  }
}
 
void DeclPrinter::VisitLinkageSpecDecl(LinkageSpecDecl *D) {
  const char *l;
  if (D->getLanguage() == LinkageSpecLanguageIDs::C)
    l = "C";
  else {
    assert(D->getLanguage() == LinkageSpecLanguageIDs::CXX &&
           "unknown language in linkage specification");
    l = "C++";
  }
 
  Out << "extern \"" << l << "\" ";
  if (D->hasBraces()) {
    Out << "{\n";
    VisitDeclContext(D);
    Indent() << "}";
  } else
    Visit(*D->decls_begin());
}
 
void DeclPrinter::printTemplateParameters(const TemplateParameterList *Params,
                                          bool OmitTemplateKW) {
  assert(Params);
 
  // Don't print invented template parameter lists.
  if (!Params->empty() && Params->getParam(0)->isImplicit())
    return;
 
  if (!OmitTemplateKW)
    Out << "template ";
  Out << '<';
 
  bool NeedComma = false;
  for (const Decl *Param : *Params) {
    if (Param->isImplicit())
      continue;
 
    if (NeedComma)
      Out << ", ";
    else
      NeedComma = true;
 
    if (const auto *TTP = dyn_cast<TemplateTypeParmDecl>(Param)) {
      VisitTemplateTypeParmDecl(TTP);
    } else if (auto NTTP = dyn_cast<NonTypeTemplateParmDecl>(Param)) {
      VisitNonTypeTemplateParmDecl(NTTP);
    } else if (auto TTPD = dyn_cast<TemplateTemplateParmDecl>(Param)) {
      VisitTemplateTemplateParmDecl(TTPD);
    }
  }
 
  Out << '>';
 
  if (const Expr *RequiresClause = Params->getRequiresClause()) {
    Out << " requires ";
    RequiresClause->printPretty(Out, nullptr, Policy, Indentation, "\n",
                                &Context);
  }
 
  if (!OmitTemplateKW)
    Out << ' ';
}
 
void DeclPrinter::printTemplateArguments(ArrayRef<TemplateArgument> Args,
                                         const TemplateParameterList *Params) {
  Out << "<";
  for (size_t I = 0, E = Args.size(); I < E; ++I) {
    if (I)
      Out << ", ";
    if (!Params)
      Args[I].print(Policy, Out, /*IncludeType*/ true);
    else
      Args[I].print(Policy, Out,
                    TemplateParameterList::shouldIncludeTypeForArgument(
                        Policy, Params, I));
  }
  Out << ">";
}
 
void DeclPrinter::printTemplateArguments(ArrayRef<TemplateArgumentLoc> Args,
                                         const TemplateParameterList *Params) {
  Out << "<";
  for (size_t I = 0, E = Args.size(); I < E; ++I) {
    if (I)
      Out << ", ";
    if (!Params)
      Args[I].getArgument().print(Policy, Out, /*IncludeType*/ true);
    else
      Args[I].getArgument().print(
          Policy, Out,
          TemplateParameterList::shouldIncludeTypeForArgument(Policy, Params,
                                                              I));
  }
  Out << ">";
}
 
void DeclPrinter::VisitTemplateDecl(const TemplateDecl *D) {
  printTemplateParameters(D->getTemplateParameters());
 
  if (const TemplateTemplateParmDecl *TTP =
        dyn_cast<TemplateTemplateParmDecl>(D)) {
    if (TTP->wasDeclaredWithTypename())
      Out << "typename";
    else
      Out << "class";
 
    if (TTP->isParameterPack())
      Out << " ...";
    else if (TTP->getDeclName())
      Out << ' ';
 
    if (TTP->getDeclName()) {
      if (Policy.CleanUglifiedParameters && TTP->getIdentifier())
        Out << TTP->getIdentifier()->deuglifiedName();
      else
        Out << TTP->getDeclName();
    }
  } else if (auto *TD = D->getTemplatedDecl())
    Visit(TD);
  else if (const auto *Concept = dyn_cast<ConceptDecl>(D)) {
    Out << "concept " << Concept->getName() << " = " ;
    Concept->getConstraintExpr()->printPretty(Out, nullptr, Policy, Indentation,
                                              "\n", &Context);
  }
}
 
void DeclPrinter::VisitFunctionTemplateDecl(FunctionTemplateDecl *D) {
  prettyPrintPragmas(D->getTemplatedDecl());
  // Print any leading template parameter lists.
  if (const FunctionDecl *FD = D->getTemplatedDecl()) {
    for (unsigned I = 0, NumTemplateParams = FD->getNumTemplateParameterLists();
         I < NumTemplateParams; ++I)
      printTemplateParameters(FD->getTemplateParameterList(I));
  }
  VisitRedeclarableTemplateDecl(D);
  // Declare target attribute is special one, natural spelling for the pragma
  // assumes "ending" construct so print it here.
  if (D->getTemplatedDecl()->hasAttr<OMPDeclareTargetDeclAttr>())
    Out << "#pragma omp end declare target\n";
 
  // Never print "instantiations" for deduction guides (they don't really
  // have them).
  if (PrintInstantiation &&
      !isa<CXXDeductionGuideDecl>(D->getTemplatedDecl())) {
    FunctionDecl *PrevDecl = D->getTemplatedDecl();
    const FunctionDecl *Def;
    if (PrevDecl->isDefined(Def) && Def != PrevDecl)
      return;
    for (auto *I : D->specializations())
      if (I->getTemplateSpecializationKind() == TSK_ImplicitInstantiation) {
        if (!PrevDecl->isThisDeclarationADefinition())
          Out << ";\n";
        Indent();
        prettyPrintPragmas(I);
        Visit(I);
      }
  }
}
 
void DeclPrinter::VisitClassTemplateDecl(ClassTemplateDecl *D) {
  VisitRedeclarableTemplateDecl(D);
 
  if (PrintInstantiation) {
    for (auto *I : D->specializations())
      if (I->getSpecializationKind() == TSK_ImplicitInstantiation) {
        if (D->isThisDeclarationADefinition())
          Out << ";";
        Out << "\n";
        Indent();
        Visit(I);
      }
  }
}
 
void DeclPrinter::VisitClassTemplateSpecializationDecl(
                                           ClassTemplateSpecializationDecl *D) {
  Out << "template<> ";
  VisitCXXRecordDecl(D);
}
 
void DeclPrinter::VisitClassTemplatePartialSpecializationDecl(
                                    ClassTemplatePartialSpecializationDecl *D) {
  printTemplateParameters(D->getTemplateParameters());
  VisitCXXRecordDecl(D);
}
 
//----------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Objective-C declarations
//----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
void DeclPrinter::PrintObjCMethodType(ASTContext &Ctx,
                                      Decl::ObjCDeclQualifier Quals,
                                      QualType T) {
  Out << '(';
  if (Quals & Decl::ObjCDeclQualifier::OBJC_TQ_In)
    Out << "in ";
  if (Quals & Decl::ObjCDeclQualifier::OBJC_TQ_Inout)
    Out << "inout ";
  if (Quals & Decl::ObjCDeclQualifier::OBJC_TQ_Out)
    Out << "out ";
  if (Quals & Decl::ObjCDeclQualifier::OBJC_TQ_Bycopy)
    Out << "bycopy ";
  if (Quals & Decl::ObjCDeclQualifier::OBJC_TQ_Byref)
    Out << "byref ";
  if (Quals & Decl::ObjCDeclQualifier::OBJC_TQ_Oneway)
    Out << "oneway ";
  if (Quals & Decl::ObjCDeclQualifier::OBJC_TQ_CSNullability) {
    if (auto nullability = AttributedType::stripOuterNullability(T))
      Out << getNullabilitySpelling(*nullability, true) << ' ';
  }
 
  Out << Ctx.getUnqualifiedObjCPointerType(T).getAsString(Policy);
  Out << ')';
}
 
void DeclPrinter::PrintObjCTypeParams(ObjCTypeParamList *Params) {
  Out << "<";
  unsigned First = true;
  for (auto *Param : *Params) {
    if (First) {
      First = false;
    } else {
      Out << ", ";
    }
 
    switch (Param->getVariance()) {
    case ObjCTypeParamVariance::Invariant:
      break;
 
    case ObjCTypeParamVariance::Covariant:
      Out << "__covariant ";
      break;
 
    case ObjCTypeParamVariance::Contravariant:
      Out << "__contravariant ";
      break;
    }
 
    Out << Param->getDeclName();
 
    if (Param->hasExplicitBound()) {
      Out << " : " << Param->getUnderlyingType().getAsString(Policy);
    }
  }
  Out << ">";
}
 
void DeclPrinter::VisitObjCMethodDecl(ObjCMethodDecl *OMD) {
  if (OMD->isInstanceMethod())
    Out << "- ";
  else
    Out << "+ ";
  if (!OMD->getReturnType().isNull()) {
    PrintObjCMethodType(OMD->getASTContext(), OMD->getObjCDeclQualifier(),
                        OMD->getReturnType());
  }
 
  std::string name = OMD->getSelector().getAsString();
  std::string::size_type pos, lastPos = 0;
  for (const auto *PI : OMD->parameters()) {
    // FIXME: selector is missing here!
    pos = name.find_first_of(':', lastPos);
    if (lastPos != 0)
      Out << " ";
    Out << name.substr(lastPos, pos - lastPos) << ':';
    PrintObjCMethodType(OMD->getASTContext(),
                        PI->getObjCDeclQualifier(),
                        PI->getType());
    Out << *PI;
    lastPos = pos + 1;
  }
 
  if (OMD->parameters().empty())
    Out << name;
 
  if (OMD->isVariadic())
      Out << ", ...";
 
  prettyPrintAttributes(OMD);
 
  if (OMD->getBody() && !Policy.TerseOutput) {
    Out << ' ';
    OMD->getBody()->printPretty(Out, nullptr, Policy, Indentation, "\n",
                                &Context);
  }
  else if (Policy.PolishForDeclaration)
    Out << ';';
}
 
void DeclPrinter::VisitObjCImplementationDecl(ObjCImplementationDecl *OID) {
  std::string I = OID->getNameAsString();
  ObjCInterfaceDecl *SID = OID->getSuperClass();
 
  bool eolnOut = false;
  if (SID)
    Out << "@implementation " << I << " : " << *SID;
  else
    Out << "@implementation " << I;
 
  if (OID->ivar_size() > 0) {
    Out << "{\n";
    eolnOut = true;
    Indentation += Policy.Indentation;
    for (const auto *I : OID->ivars()) {
      Indent() << I->getASTContext().getUnqualifiedObjCPointerType(I->getType()).
                    getAsString(Policy) << ' ' << *I << ";\n";
    }
    Indentation -= Policy.Indentation;
    Out << "}\n";
  } else if (SID || !OID->decls().empty()) {
    Out << "\n";
    eolnOut = true;
  }
  VisitDeclContext(OID, false);
  if (!eolnOut)
    Out << "\n";
  Out << "@end";
}
 
void DeclPrinter::VisitObjCInterfaceDecl(ObjCInterfaceDecl *OID) {
  std::string I = OID->getNameAsString();
  ObjCInterfaceDecl *SID = OID->getSuperClass();
 
  if (!OID->isThisDeclarationADefinition()) {
    Out << "@class " << I;
 
    if (auto TypeParams = OID->getTypeParamListAsWritten()) {
      PrintObjCTypeParams(TypeParams);
    }
 
    Out << ";";
    return;
  }
  bool eolnOut = false;
  if (OID->hasAttrs()) {
    prettyPrintAttributes(OID);
    Out << "\n";
  }
 
  Out << "@interface " << I;
 
  if (auto TypeParams = OID->getTypeParamListAsWritten()) {
    PrintObjCTypeParams(TypeParams);
  }
 
  if (SID)
    Out << " : " << QualType(OID->getSuperClassType(), 0).getAsString(Policy);
 
  // Protocols?
  const ObjCList<ObjCProtocolDecl> &Protocols = OID->getReferencedProtocols();
  if (!Protocols.empty()) {
    for (ObjCList<ObjCProtocolDecl>::iterator I = Protocols.begin(),
         E = Protocols.end(); I != E; ++I)
      Out << (I == Protocols.begin() ? '<' : ',') << **I;
    Out << "> ";
  }
 
  if (OID->ivar_size() > 0) {
    Out << "{\n";
    eolnOut = true;
    Indentation += Policy.Indentation;
    for (const auto *I : OID->ivars()) {
      Indent() << I->getASTContext()
                      .getUnqualifiedObjCPointerType(I->getType())
                      .getAsString(Policy) << ' ' << *I << ";\n";
    }
    Indentation -= Policy.Indentation;
    Out << "}\n";
  } else if (SID || !OID->decls().empty()) {
    Out << "\n";
    eolnOut = true;
  }
 
  VisitDeclContext(OID, false);
  if (!eolnOut)
    Out << "\n";
  Out << "@end";
  // FIXME: implement the rest...
}
 
void DeclPrinter::VisitObjCProtocolDecl(ObjCProtocolDecl *PID) {
  if (!PID->isThisDeclarationADefinition()) {
    Out << "@protocol " << *PID << ";\n";
    return;
  }
  // Protocols?
  const ObjCList<ObjCProtocolDecl> &Protocols = PID->getReferencedProtocols();
  if (!Protocols.empty()) {
    Out << "@protocol " << *PID;
    for (ObjCList<ObjCProtocolDecl>::iterator I = Protocols.begin(),
         E = Protocols.end(); I != E; ++I)
      Out << (I == Protocols.begin() ? '<' : ',') << **I;
    Out << ">\n";
  } else
    Out << "@protocol " << *PID << '\n';
  VisitDeclContext(PID, false);
  Out << "@end";
}
 
void DeclPrinter::VisitObjCCategoryImplDecl(ObjCCategoryImplDecl *PID) {
  Out << "@implementation ";
  if (const auto *CID = PID->getClassInterface())
    Out << *CID;
  else
    Out << "<<error-type>>";
  Out << '(' << *PID << ")\n";
 
  VisitDeclContext(PID, false);
  Out << "@end";
  // FIXME: implement the rest...
}
 
void DeclPrinter::VisitObjCCategoryDecl(ObjCCategoryDecl *PID) {
  Out << "@interface ";
  if (const auto *CID = PID->getClassInterface())
    Out << *CID;
  else
    Out << "<<error-type>>";
  if (auto TypeParams = PID->getTypeParamList()) {
    PrintObjCTypeParams(TypeParams);
  }
  Out << "(" << *PID << ")\n";
  if (PID->ivar_size() > 0) {
    Out << "{\n";
    Indentation += Policy.Indentation;
    for (const auto *I : PID->ivars())
      Indent() << I->getASTContext().getUnqualifiedObjCPointerType(I->getType()).
                    getAsString(Policy) << ' ' << *I << ";\n";
    Indentation -= Policy.Indentation;
    Out << "}\n";
  }
 
  VisitDeclContext(PID, false);
  Out << "@end";
 
  // FIXME: implement the rest...
}
 
void DeclPrinter::VisitObjCCompatibleAliasDecl(ObjCCompatibleAliasDecl *AID) {
  Out << "@compatibility_alias " << *AID
      << ' ' << *AID->getClassInterface() << ";\n";
}
 
/// PrintObjCPropertyDecl - print a property declaration.
///
/// Print attributes in the following order:
/// - class
/// - nonatomic | atomic
/// - assign | retain | strong | copy | weak | unsafe_unretained
/// - readwrite | readonly
/// - getter & setter
/// - nullability
void DeclPrinter::VisitObjCPropertyDecl(ObjCPropertyDecl *PDecl) {
  if (PDecl->getPropertyImplementation() == ObjCPropertyDecl::Required)
    Out << "@required\n";
  else if (PDecl->getPropertyImplementation() == ObjCPropertyDecl::Optional)
    Out << "@optional\n";
 
  QualType T = PDecl->getType();
 
  Out << "@property";
  if (PDecl->getPropertyAttributes() != ObjCPropertyAttribute::kind_noattr) {
    bool first = true;
    Out << "(";
    if (PDecl->getPropertyAttributes() & ObjCPropertyAttribute::kind_class) {
      Out << (first ? "" : ", ") << "class";
      first = false;
    }
 
    if (PDecl->getPropertyAttributes() & ObjCPropertyAttribute::kind_direct) {
      Out << (first ? "" : ", ") << "direct";
      first = false;
    }
 
    if (PDecl->getPropertyAttributes() &
        ObjCPropertyAttribute::kind_nonatomic) {
      Out << (first ? "" : ", ") << "nonatomic";
      first = false;
    }
    if (PDecl->getPropertyAttributes() & ObjCPropertyAttribute::kind_atomic) {
      Out << (first ? "" : ", ") << "atomic";
      first = false;
    }
 
    if (PDecl->getPropertyAttributes() & ObjCPropertyAttribute::kind_assign) {
      Out << (first ? "" : ", ") << "assign";
      first = false;
    }
    if (PDecl->getPropertyAttributes() & ObjCPropertyAttribute::kind_retain) {
      Out << (first ? "" : ", ") << "retain";
      first = false;
    }
 
    if (PDecl->getPropertyAttributes() & ObjCPropertyAttribute::kind_strong) {
      Out << (first ? "" : ", ") << "strong";
      first = false;
    }
    if (PDecl->getPropertyAttributes() & ObjCPropertyAttribute::kind_copy) {
      Out << (first ? "" : ", ") << "copy";
      first = false;
    }
    if (PDecl->getPropertyAttributes() & ObjCPropertyAttribute::kind_weak) {
      Out << (first ? "" : ", ") << "weak";
      first = false;
    }
    if (PDecl->getPropertyAttributes() &
        ObjCPropertyAttribute::kind_unsafe_unretained) {
      Out << (first ? "" : ", ") << "unsafe_unretained";
      first = false;
    }
 
    if (PDecl->getPropertyAttributes() &
        ObjCPropertyAttribute::kind_readwrite) {
      Out << (first ? "" : ", ") << "readwrite";
      first = false;
    }
    if (PDecl->getPropertyAttributes() & ObjCPropertyAttribute::kind_readonly) {
      Out << (first ? "" : ", ") << "readonly";
      first = false;
    }
 
    if (PDecl->getPropertyAttributes() & ObjCPropertyAttribute::kind_getter) {
      Out << (first ? "" : ", ") << "getter = ";
      PDecl->getGetterName().print(Out);
      first = false;
    }
    if (PDecl->getPropertyAttributes() & ObjCPropertyAttribute::kind_setter) {
      Out << (first ? "" : ", ") << "setter = ";
      PDecl->getSetterName().print(Out);
      first = false;
    }
 
    if (PDecl->getPropertyAttributes() &
        ObjCPropertyAttribute::kind_nullability) {
      if (auto nullability = AttributedType::stripOuterNullability(T)) {
        if (*nullability == NullabilityKind::Unspecified &&
            (PDecl->getPropertyAttributes() &
             ObjCPropertyAttribute::kind_null_resettable)) {
          Out << (first ? "" : ", ") << "null_resettable";
        } else {
          Out << (first ? "" : ", ")
              << getNullabilitySpelling(*nullability, true);
        }
        first = false;
      }
    }
 
    (void) first; // Silence dead store warning due to idiomatic code.
    Out << ")";
  }
  std::string TypeStr = PDecl->getASTContext().getUnqualifiedObjCPointerType(T).
      getAsString(Policy);
  Out << ' ' << TypeStr;
  if (!StringRef(TypeStr).ends_with("*"))
    Out << ' ';
  Out << *PDecl;
  if (Policy.PolishForDeclaration)
    Out << ';';
}
 
void DeclPrinter::VisitObjCPropertyImplDecl(ObjCPropertyImplDecl *PID) {
  if (PID->getPropertyImplementation() == ObjCPropertyImplDecl::Synthesize)
    Out << "@synthesize ";
  else
    Out << "@dynamic ";
  Out << *PID->getPropertyDecl();
  if (PID->getPropertyIvarDecl())
    Out << '=' << *PID->getPropertyIvarDecl();
}
 
void DeclPrinter::VisitUsingDecl(UsingDecl *D) {
  if (!D->isAccessDeclaration())
    Out << "using ";
  if (D->hasTypename())
    Out << "typename ";
  D->getQualifier().print(Out, Policy);
 
  // Use the correct record name when the using declaration is used for
  // inheriting constructors.
  for (const auto *Shadow : D->shadows()) {
    if (const auto *ConstructorShadow =
            dyn_cast<ConstructorUsingShadowDecl>(Shadow)) {
      assert(Shadow->getDeclContext() == ConstructorShadow->getDeclContext());
      Out << *ConstructorShadow->getNominatedBaseClass();
      return;
    }
  }
  Out << *D;
}
 
void DeclPrinter::VisitUsingEnumDecl(UsingEnumDecl *D) {
  Out << "using enum " << D->getEnumDecl();
}
 
void
DeclPrinter::VisitUnresolvedUsingTypenameDecl(UnresolvedUsingTypenameDecl *D) {
  Out << "using typename ";
  D->getQualifier().print(Out, Policy);
  Out << D->getDeclName();
}
 
void DeclPrinter::VisitUnresolvedUsingValueDecl(UnresolvedUsingValueDecl *D) {
  if (!D->isAccessDeclaration())
    Out << "using ";
  D->getQualifier().print(Out, Policy);
  Out << D->getDeclName();
}
 
void DeclPrinter::VisitUsingShadowDecl(UsingShadowDecl *D) {
  // ignore
}
 
void DeclPrinter::VisitOMPThreadPrivateDecl(OMPThreadPrivateDecl *D) {
  Out << "#pragma omp threadprivate";
  if (!D->varlist_empty()) {
    for (OMPThreadPrivateDecl::varlist_iterator I = D->varlist_begin(),
                                                E = D->varlist_end();
                                                I != E; ++I) {
      Out << (I == D->varlist_begin() ? '(' : ',');
      NamedDecl *ND = cast<DeclRefExpr>(*I)->getDecl();
      ND->printQualifiedName(Out);
    }
    Out << ")";
  }
}
 
void DeclPrinter::VisitHLSLBufferDecl(HLSLBufferDecl *D) {
  if (D->isCBuffer())
    Out << "cbuffer ";
  else
    Out << "tbuffer ";
 
  Out << *D;
 
  prettyPrintAttributes(D);
 
  Out << " {\n";
  VisitDeclContext(D);
  Indent() << "}";
}
 
void DeclPrinter::VisitOMPAllocateDecl(OMPAllocateDecl *D) {
  Out << "#pragma omp allocate";
  if (!D->varlist_empty()) {
    for (OMPAllocateDecl::varlist_iterator I = D->varlist_begin(),
                                           E = D->varlist_end();
         I != E; ++I) {
      Out << (I == D->varlist_begin() ? '(' : ',');
      NamedDecl *ND = cast<DeclRefExpr>(*I)->getDecl();
      ND->printQualifiedName(Out);
    }
    Out << ")";
  }
  if (!D->clauselist_empty()) {
    OMPClausePrinter Printer(Out, Policy, Context.getLangOpts().OpenMP);
    for (OMPClause *C : D->clauselists()) {
      Out << " ";
      Printer.Visit(C);
    }
  }
}
 
void DeclPrinter::VisitOMPRequiresDecl(OMPRequiresDecl *D) {
  Out << "#pragma omp requires ";
  if (!D->clauselist_empty()) {
    OMPClausePrinter Printer(Out, Policy, Context.getLangOpts().OpenMP);
    for (auto I = D->clauselist_begin(), E = D->clauselist_end(); I != E; ++I)
      Printer.Visit(*I);
  }
}
 
void DeclPrinter::VisitOMPDeclareReductionDecl(OMPDeclareReductionDecl *D) {
  if (!D->isInvalidDecl()) {
    Out << "#pragma omp declare reduction (";
    if (D->getDeclName().getNameKind() == DeclarationName::CXXOperatorName) {
      const char *OpName =
          getOperatorSpelling(D->getDeclName().getCXXOverloadedOperator());
      assert(OpName && "not an overloaded operator");
      Out << OpName;
    } else {
      assert(D->getDeclName().isIdentifier());
      D->printName(Out, Policy);
    }
    Out << " : ";
    D->getType().print(Out, Policy);
    Out << " : ";
    D->getCombiner()->printPretty(Out, nullptr, Policy, 0, "\n", &Context);
    Out << ")";
    if (auto *Init = D->getInitializer()) {
      Out << " initializer(";
      switch (D->getInitializerKind()) {
      case OMPDeclareReductionInitKind::Direct:
        Out << "omp_priv(";
        break;
      case OMPDeclareReductionInitKind::Copy:
        Out << "omp_priv = ";
        break;
      case OMPDeclareReductionInitKind::Call:
        break;
      }
      Init->printPretty(Out, nullptr, Policy, 0, "\n", &Context);
      if (D->getInitializerKind() == OMPDeclareReductionInitKind::Direct)
        Out << ")";
      Out << ")";
    }
  }
}
 
void DeclPrinter::VisitOMPDeclareMapperDecl(OMPDeclareMapperDecl *D) {
  if (!D->isInvalidDecl()) {
    Out << "#pragma omp declare mapper (";
    D->printName(Out, Policy);
    Out << " : ";
    D->getType().print(Out, Policy);
    Out << " ";
    Out << D->getVarName();
    Out << ")";
    if (!D->clauselist_empty()) {
      OMPClausePrinter Printer(Out, Policy, Context.getLangOpts().OpenMP);
      for (auto *C : D->clauselists()) {
        Out << " ";
        Printer.Visit(C);
      }
    }
  }
}
 
void DeclPrinter::VisitOMPCapturedExprDecl(OMPCapturedExprDecl *D) {
  D->getInit()->printPretty(Out, nullptr, Policy, Indentation, "\n", &Context);
}
 
void DeclPrinter::VisitTemplateTypeParmDecl(const TemplateTypeParmDecl *TTP) {
  if (const TypeConstraint *TC = TTP->getTypeConstraint())
    TC->print(Out, Policy);
  else if (TTP->wasDeclaredWithTypename())
    Out << "typename";
  else
    Out << "class";
 
  if (TTP->isParameterPack())
    Out << " ...";
  else if (TTP->getDeclName())
    Out << ' ';
 
  if (TTP->getDeclName()) {
    if (Policy.CleanUglifiedParameters && TTP->getIdentifier())
      Out << TTP->getIdentifier()->deuglifiedName();
    else
      Out << TTP->getDeclName();
  }
 
  if (TTP->hasDefaultArgument() && !TTP->defaultArgumentWasInherited()) {
    Out << " = ";
    TTP->getDefaultArgument().getArgument().print(Policy, Out,
                                                  /*IncludeType=*/false);
  }
}
 
void DeclPrinter::VisitNonTypeTemplateParmDecl(
    const NonTypeTemplateParmDecl *NTTP) {
  StringRef Name;
  if (IdentifierInfo *II = NTTP->getIdentifier())
    Name =
        Policy.CleanUglifiedParameters ? II->deuglifiedName() : II->getName();
  printDeclType(NTTP->getType(), Name, NTTP->isParameterPack());
 
  if (NTTP->hasDefaultArgument() && !NTTP->defaultArgumentWasInherited()) {
    Out << " = ";
    NTTP->getDefaultArgument().getArgument().print(Policy, Out,
                                                   /*IncludeType=*/false);
  }
}
 
void DeclPrinter::VisitTemplateTemplateParmDecl(
    const TemplateTemplateParmDecl *TTPD) {
  VisitTemplateDecl(TTPD);
  if (TTPD->hasDefaultArgument() && !TTPD->defaultArgumentWasInherited()) {
    Out << " = ";
    TTPD->getDefaultArgument().getArgument().print(Policy, Out,
                                                   /*IncludeType=*/false);
  }
}
 
void DeclPrinter::VisitOpenACCDeclareDecl(OpenACCDeclareDecl *D) {
  if (!D->isInvalidDecl()) {
    Out << "#pragma acc declare";
    if (!D->clauses().empty()) {
      Out << ' ';
      OpenACCClausePrinter Printer(Out, Policy);
      Printer.VisitClauseList(D->clauses());
    }
  }
}
void DeclPrinter::VisitOpenACCRoutineDecl(OpenACCRoutineDecl *D) {
  if (!D->isInvalidDecl()) {
    Out << "#pragma acc routine";
 
    Out << "(";
 
    // The referenced function was named here, but this makes us tolerant of
    // errors.
    if (D->getFunctionReference())
      D->getFunctionReference()->printPretty(Out, nullptr, Policy, Indentation,
                                             "\n", &Context);
    else
      Out << "<error>";
 
    Out << ")";
 
    if (!D->clauses().empty()) {
      Out << ' ';
      OpenACCClausePrinter Printer(Out, Policy);
      Printer.VisitClauseList(D->clauses());
    }
  }
}