clang 20.0.0git
|
#include "clang/AST/ASTContext.h"
#include "clang/AST/ASTStructuralEquivalence.h"
#include "clang/AST/CXXInheritance.h"
#include "clang/AST/ExprCXX.h"
#include "clang/AST/ExprObjC.h"
#include "clang/AST/RecordLayout.h"
#include "clang/Basic/PartialDiagnostic.h"
#include "clang/Basic/TargetInfo.h"
#include "clang/Lex/Preprocessor.h"
#include "clang/Sema/Initialization.h"
#include "clang/Sema/SemaObjC.h"
#include "clang/Sema/SemaRISCV.h"
#include "llvm/ADT/SmallVector.h"
#include "llvm/ADT/StringExtras.h"
#include <set>
Go to the source code of this file.
Enumerations | |
enum | TryCastResult { TC_NotApplicable , TC_Success , TC_Extension , TC_Failed } |
enum | CastType { CT_Const , CT_Static , CT_Reinterpret , CT_Dynamic , CT_CStyle , CT_Functional , CT_Addrspace } |
Functions | |
static bool | isValidCast (TryCastResult TCR) |
static void | DiagnoseCastQual (Sema &Self, const ExprResult &SrcExpr, QualType DestType) |
DiagnoseCastQual - Warn whenever casts discards a qualifiers, be it either const, volatile or both. | |
static TryCastResult | TryLValueToRValueCast (Sema &Self, Expr *SrcExpr, QualType DestType, bool CStyle, CastKind &Kind, CXXCastPath &BasePath, unsigned &msg) |
Tests whether a conversion according to N2844 is valid. | |
static TryCastResult | TryStaticReferenceDowncast (Sema &Self, Expr *SrcExpr, QualType DestType, bool CStyle, SourceRange OpRange, unsigned &msg, CastKind &Kind, CXXCastPath &BasePath) |
Tests whether a conversion according to C++ 5.2.9p5 is valid. | |
static TryCastResult | TryStaticPointerDowncast (Sema &Self, QualType SrcType, QualType DestType, bool CStyle, SourceRange OpRange, unsigned &msg, CastKind &Kind, CXXCastPath &BasePath) |
Tests whether a conversion according to C++ 5.2.9p8 is valid. | |
static TryCastResult | TryStaticDowncast (Sema &Self, CanQualType SrcType, CanQualType DestType, bool CStyle, SourceRange OpRange, QualType OrigSrcType, QualType OrigDestType, unsigned &msg, CastKind &Kind, CXXCastPath &BasePath) |
TryStaticDowncast - Common functionality of TryStaticReferenceDowncast and TryStaticPointerDowncast. | |
static TryCastResult | TryStaticMemberPointerUpcast (Sema &Self, ExprResult &SrcExpr, QualType SrcType, QualType DestType, bool CStyle, SourceRange OpRange, unsigned &msg, CastKind &Kind, CXXCastPath &BasePath) |
TryStaticMemberPointerUpcast - Tests whether a conversion according to C++ 5.2.9p9 is valid: | |
static TryCastResult | TryStaticImplicitCast (Sema &Self, ExprResult &SrcExpr, QualType DestType, CheckedConversionKind CCK, SourceRange OpRange, unsigned &msg, CastKind &Kind, bool ListInitialization) |
TryStaticImplicitCast - Tests whether a conversion according to C++ 5.2.9p2 is valid: | |
static TryCastResult | TryStaticCast (Sema &Self, ExprResult &SrcExpr, QualType DestType, CheckedConversionKind CCK, SourceRange OpRange, unsigned &msg, CastKind &Kind, CXXCastPath &BasePath, bool ListInitialization) |
TryStaticCast - Check if a static cast can be performed, and do so if possible. | |
static TryCastResult | TryConstCast (Sema &Self, ExprResult &SrcExpr, QualType DestType, bool CStyle, unsigned &msg) |
TryConstCast - See if a const_cast from source to destination is allowed, and perform it if it is. | |
static TryCastResult | TryReinterpretCast (Sema &Self, ExprResult &SrcExpr, QualType DestType, bool CStyle, SourceRange OpRange, unsigned &msg, CastKind &Kind) |
static TryCastResult | TryAddressSpaceCast (Sema &Self, ExprResult &SrcExpr, QualType DestType, bool CStyle, unsigned &msg, CastKind &Kind) |
static bool | tryDiagnoseOverloadedCast (Sema &S, CastType CT, SourceRange range, Expr *src, QualType destType, bool listInitialization) |
Try to diagnose a failed overloaded cast. | |
static void | diagnoseBadCast (Sema &S, unsigned msg, CastType castType, SourceRange opRange, Expr *src, QualType destType, bool listInitialization) |
Diagnose a failed cast. | |
static CastAwayConstnessKind | unwrapCastAwayConstnessLevel (ASTContext &Context, QualType &T1, QualType &T2) |
Unwrap one level of types for CastsAwayConstness. | |
static CastAwayConstnessKind | CastsAwayConstness (Sema &Self, QualType SrcType, QualType DestType, bool CheckCVR, bool CheckObjCLifetime, QualType *TheOffendingSrcType=nullptr, QualType *TheOffendingDestType=nullptr, Qualifiers *CastAwayQualifiers=nullptr) |
Check if the pointer conversion from SrcType to DestType casts away constness as defined in C++ [expr.const.cast]. | |
static TryCastResult | getCastAwayConstnessCastKind (CastAwayConstnessKind CACK, unsigned &DiagID) |
static void | DiagnoseReinterpretUpDownCast (Sema &Self, const Expr *SrcExpr, QualType DestType, SourceRange OpRange) |
Check that a reinterpret_cast<DestType>(SrcExpr) is not used as upcast or downcast between respective pointers or references. | |
static bool | argTypeIsABIEquivalent (QualType SrcType, QualType DestType, ASTContext &Context) |
static unsigned int | checkCastFunctionType (Sema &Self, const ExprResult &SrcExpr, QualType DestType) |
static bool | IsAddressSpaceConversion (QualType SrcType, QualType DestType) |
static void | DiagnoseCastOfObjCSEL (Sema &Self, const ExprResult &SrcExpr, QualType DestType) |
static void | DiagnoseCallingConvCast (Sema &Self, const ExprResult &SrcExpr, QualType DstType, SourceRange OpRange) |
Diagnose casts that change the calling convention of a pointer to a function defined in the current TU. | |
static void | checkIntToPointerCast (bool CStyle, const SourceRange &OpRange, const Expr *SrcExpr, QualType DestType, Sema &Self) |
static bool | fixOverloadedReinterpretCastExpr (Sema &Self, QualType DestType, ExprResult &Result) |
static void | DiagnoseBadFunctionCast (Sema &Self, const ExprResult &SrcExpr, QualType DestType) |
DiagnoseBadFunctionCast - Warn whenever a function call is cast to a non-matching type. | |
enum CastType |
Enumerator | |
---|---|
CT_Const | const_cast |
CT_Static | static_cast |
CT_Reinterpret | reinterpret_cast |
CT_Dynamic | dynamic_cast |
CT_CStyle | (Type)expr |
CT_Functional | Type(expr) |
CT_Addrspace | addrspace_cast |
Definition at line 48 of file SemaCast.cpp.
enum TryCastResult |
Definition at line 35 of file SemaCast.cpp.
|
static |
Definition at line 1093 of file SemaCast.cpp.
References clang::ASTContext::getTypeSizeInChars(), clang::ASTContext::hasSameUnqualifiedType(), clang::Type::isEnumeralType(), clang::Type::isIntegralType(), and clang::Type::isPointerType().
Referenced by checkCastFunctionType().
|
static |
Check if the pointer conversion from SrcType to DestType casts away constness as defined in C++ [expr.const.cast].
This is used by the cast checkers. Both arguments must denote pointer (possibly to member) types.
CheckCVR | Whether to check for const/volatile/restrict qualifiers. |
CheckObjCLifetime | Whether to check Objective-C lifetime qualifiers. |
Definition at line 674 of file SemaCast.cpp.
References clang::Qualifiers::compatiblyIncludesObjCLifetime(), clang::Qualifiers::fromCVRMask(), clang::Qualifiers::getCVRQualifiers(), clang::Qualifiers::hasConst(), clang::Type::isAnyPointerType(), clang::Type::isBlockPointerType(), clang::Type::isMemberPointerType(), clang::Type::isObjCObjectType(), clang::Type::isReferenceType(), clang::Qualifiers::removeConst(), clang::Self, and unwrapCastAwayConstnessLevel().
Referenced by DiagnoseCastQual(), and TryReinterpretCast().
|
static |
Definition at line 1108 of file SemaCast.cpp.
References argTypeIsABIEquivalent(), clang::Type::castAs(), clang::ActionResult< PtrTy, Compress >::get(), clang::Type::getAs(), clang::Expr::getExprLoc(), clang::QualType::getNonReferenceType(), clang::Type::getPointeeType(), clang::FunctionType::getReturnType(), clang::Expr::getType(), clang::Type::isBlockPointerType(), clang::Type::isFunctionNoProtoType(), clang::Type::isFunctionPointerType(), clang::Type::isFunctionReferenceType(), clang::Type::isFunctionType(), clang::Type::isMemberFunctionPointerType(), clang::Type::isVoidType(), clang::Self, and clang::T.
|
static |
Definition at line 2207 of file SemaCast.cpp.
References Diag(), clang::SourceRange::getBegin(), clang::Expr::getType(), clang::Type::isBooleanType(), clang::Type::isEnumeralType(), clang::Expr::isIntegerConstantExpr(), clang::Type::isIntegralType(), clang::Type::isVoidPointerType(), and clang::Self.
Referenced by TryReinterpretCast().
|
static |
Diagnose a failed cast.
Definition at line 529 of file SemaCast.cpp.
References clang::SemaBase::Diag(), clang::Type::getAs(), clang::Type::getAsCXXRecordDecl(), clang::SourceRange::getBegin(), clang::Type::getPointeeType(), clang::Stmt::getSourceRange(), clang::Expr::getType(), and tryDiagnoseOverloadedCast().
|
static |
DiagnoseBadFunctionCast - Warn whenever a function call is cast to a non-matching type.
Such as enum function call to int, int call to pointer; etc. Cast to 'void' is an exception.
Definition at line 2893 of file SemaCast.cpp.
References clang::ActionResult< PtrTy, Compress >::get(), clang::Expr::getExprLoc(), clang::Stmt::getSourceRange(), clang::Expr::getType(), clang::QualType::getUnqualifiedType(), clang::Type::isAnyPointerType(), clang::Type::isBlockPointerType(), clang::Type::isBooleanType(), clang::Type::isComplexIntegerType(), clang::Type::isComplexType(), clang::Type::isEnumeralType(), clang::Type::isFixedPointType(), clang::Type::isIntegerType(), clang::Type::isRealFloatingType(), clang::Type::isVoidType(), and clang::Self.
|
static |
Diagnose casts that change the calling convention of a pointer to a function defined in the current TU.
Definition at line 2119 of file SemaCast.cpp.
References clang::Type::castAs(), clang::FixItHint::CreateInsertion(), clang::ActionResult< PtrTy, Compress >::get(), clang::SourceRange::getBegin(), clang::FunctionType::getCallConv(), clang::Preprocessor::getIdentifierInfo(), clang::Preprocessor::getLastMacroWithSpelling(), clang::FunctionType::getNameForCallConv(), getPointeeType(), clang::IdentifierInfo::getTokenID(), clang::Expr::getType(), clang::Expr::IgnoreParenImpCasts(), clang::Type::isFunctionPointerType(), clang::IdentifierInfo::isKeyword(), and clang::Self.
Referenced by TryReinterpretCast().
|
static |
Definition at line 2100 of file SemaCast.cpp.
References clang::ActionResult< PtrTy, Compress >::get(), clang::Type::getAs(), clang::Expr::getExprLoc(), clang::Type::getPointeeType(), clang::Stmt::getSourceRange(), clang::Expr::getType(), clang::QualType::getUnqualifiedType(), clang::Type::isVoidType(), and clang::Self.
Referenced by TryReinterpretCast().
|
static |
DiagnoseCastQual - Warn whenever casts discards a qualifiers, be it either const, volatile or both.
Definition at line 3315 of file SemaCast.cpp.
References CastsAwayConstness(), clang::ActionResult< PtrTy, Compress >::get(), clang::Stmt::getBeginLoc(), clang::Expr::getType(), clang::Qualifiers::hasConst(), clang::Qualifiers::hasVolatile(), clang::Type::isAnyPointerType(), clang::ActionResult< PtrTy, Compress >::isInvalid(), clang::Type::isLValueReferenceType(), and clang::Self.
Referenced by clang::Sema::BuildCStyleCastExpr(), and clang::Sema::BuildCXXFunctionalCastExpr().
|
static |
Check that a reinterpret_cast<DestType>(SrcExpr) is not used as upcast or downcast between respective pointers or references.
Definition at line 1002 of file SemaCast.cpp.
References clang::CXXBasePaths::begin(), clang::Class, clang::FixItHint::CreateReplacement(), E, clang::CXXBasePaths::end(), clang::Type::getAsCXXRecordDecl(), clang::ASTRecordLayout::getBaseClassOffset(), clang::SourceRange::getBegin(), clang::Type::getPointeeCXXRecordDecl(), clang::Expr::getType(), int, clang::TagDecl::isCompleteDefinition(), clang::CXXRecordDecl::isDerivedFrom(), clang::Decl::isInvalidDecl(), Path, clang::Self, clang::VirtualBase, and clang::CharUnits::Zero().
|
static |
Definition at line 2233 of file SemaCast.cpp.
References E, clang::Expr::getValueKindForType(), clang::Result, clang::Self, and clang::VK_PRValue.
Referenced by TryReinterpretCast().
|
static |
Definition at line 770 of file SemaCast.cpp.
References TC_Extension, and TC_Failed.
Referenced by TryReinterpretCast().
Definition at line 1307 of file SemaCast.cpp.
References clang::QualType::getAddressSpace(), clang::Type::getAs(), and clang::PointerType::getPointeeType().
Referenced by TryReinterpretCast(), and TryStaticCast().
|
static |
Definition at line 44 of file SemaCast.cpp.
References TC_Extension, and TC_Success.
|
static |
Definition at line 2614 of file SemaCast.cpp.
References clang::ActionResult< PtrTy, Compress >::get(), clang::Type::getAs(), clang::Expr::getType(), clang::Self, TC_Failed, TC_NotApplicable, and TC_Success.
|
static |
TryConstCast - See if a const_cast from source to destination is allowed, and perform it if it is.
Definition at line 1947 of file SemaCast.cpp.
References clang::ActionResult< PtrTy, Compress >::get(), clang::Type::getAs(), clang::Expr::getType(), clang::Type::isFunctionPointerType(), clang::Expr::isLValue(), clang::Type::isMemberFunctionPointerType(), clang::Type::isMemberPointerType(), clang::Type::isObjCObjectPointerType(), clang::Type::isPointerType(), clang::Expr::isPRValue(), clang::Type::isRecordType(), clang::Expr::refersToBitField(), clang::Self, TC_NotApplicable, and TC_Success.
|
static |
Try to diagnose a failed overloaded cast.
Returns true if diagnostics were emitted.
Definition at line 416 of file SemaCast.cpp.
References clang::OverloadCandidateSet::BestViableFunction(), clang::InitializationKind::CreateCast(), clang::InitializationKind::CreateCStyleCast(), clang::InitializationKind::CreateFunctionalCast(), CT_Addrspace, CT_Const, CT_CStyle, CT_Dynamic, CT_Functional, CT_Reinterpret, CT_Static, clang::OverloadCandidateSet::empty(), clang::InitializationSequence::Failed(), clang::InitializationSequence::FK_ConstructorOverloadFailed, clang::InitializationSequence::FK_ParenthesizedListInitFailed, clang::InitializationSequence::FK_UserConversionOverloadFailed, clang::InitializationSequence::getFailedCandidateSet(), clang::InitializationSequence::getFailedOverloadResult(), clang::InitializationSequence::getFailureKind(), clang::Stmt::getSourceRange(), clang::StringLiteral::getString(), clang::Expr::getType(), clang::InitializedEntity::InitializeTemporary(), clang::Type::isArrayType(), clang::Type::isRecordType(), clang::OverloadCandidateSet::NoteCandidates(), clang::OCD_AllCandidates, clang::OCD_AmbiguousCandidates, clang::OCD_ViableCandidates, clang::OR_Ambiguous, clang::OR_Deleted, clang::OR_No_Viable_Function, clang::OR_Success, and clang::SemaBase::PDiag().
Referenced by diagnoseBadCast().
|
static |
Tests whether a conversion according to N2844 is valid.
Definition at line 1533 of file SemaCast.cpp.
References clang::Type::getAs(), clang::Stmt::getBeginLoc(), clang::ReferenceType::getPointeeType(), clang::Expr::getType(), clang::QualType::getUnqualifiedType(), clang::Expr::isGLValue(), clang::Expr::isLValue(), clang::Sema::Ref_Compatible, clang::Sema::Ref_Incompatible, clang::Self, TC_Failed, TC_NotApplicable, and TC_Success.
Referenced by TryStaticCast().
|
static |
Definition at line 2261 of file SemaCast.cpp.
References CastsAwayConstness(), checkIntToPointerCast(), Diag(), DiagnoseCallingConvCast(), DiagnoseCastOfObjCSEL(), clang::ExprError(), fixOverloadedReinterpretCastExpr(), clang::ActionResult< PtrTy, Compress >::get(), clang::QualType::getAddressSpace(), clang::Type::getAs(), clang::SourceRange::getBegin(), getCastAwayConstnessCastKind(), clang::Expr::getObjectKind(), clang::Type::getPointeeType(), clang::QualType::getQualifiers(), clang::Stmt::getSourceRange(), clang::Expr::getType(), IsAddressSpaceConversion(), clang::Qualifiers::isAddressSpaceSupersetOf(), clang::Type::isAnyPointerType(), clang::Type::isBlockPointerType(), clang::Type::isBooleanType(), clang::Type::isExtVectorType(), clang::Type::isFunctionPointerType(), clang::Expr::isGLValue(), clang::Type::isIntegralOrEnumerationType(), clang::Type::isIntegralType(), clang::MemberPointerType::isMemberFunctionPointer(), clang::Type::isMemberPointerType(), clang::QualType::isNull(), clang::Type::isNullPtrType(), clang::Type::isObjCObjectPointerType(), clang::Type::isPointerType(), clang::ActionResult< PtrTy, Compress >::isUsable(), clang::Type::isVectorType(), clang::Type::isVoidPointerType(), clang::OK_BitField, clang::OK_MatrixComponent, clang::OK_ObjCProperty, clang::OK_ObjCSubscript, clang::OK_Ordinary, clang::OK_VectorComponent, clang::Result, clang::Self, TC_Failed, TC_NotApplicable, and TC_Success.
|
static |
TryStaticCast - Check if a static cast can be performed, and do so if possible.
If CStyle
, ignore access restrictions on hierarchy casting and casting away constness.
Definition at line 1321 of file SemaCast.cpp.
References clang::Type::castAs(), clang::Qualifiers::compatiblyIncludes(), clang::CStyleCast, clang::Enum, clang::ExprError(), clang::FunctionalCast, clang::ActionResult< PtrTy, Compress >::get(), clang::Type::getAs(), clang::SourceRange::getBegin(), clang::Type::getPointeeType(), clang::PointerType::getPointeeType(), clang::QualType::getQualifiers(), clang::Expr::getType(), IsAddressSpaceConversion(), clang::Type::isBlockPointerType(), clang::Type::isBooleanType(), clang::Type::isEnumeralType(), clang::Type::isFunctionType(), clang::Type::isIncompleteOrObjectType(), clang::Type::isIntegralOrEnumerationType(), clang::Type::isIntegralType(), clang::ActionResult< PtrTy, Compress >::isInvalid(), clang::Type::isMatrixType(), clang::Type::isObjCObjectPointerType(), clang::Type::isRealFloatingType(), clang::Type::isVoidType(), clang::Qualifiers::removeObjCGCAttr(), clang::Qualifiers::removeObjCLifetime(), clang::Self, TC_Failed, TC_NotApplicable, TC_Success, TryLValueToRValueCast(), TryStaticImplicitCast(), TryStaticMemberPointerUpcast(), TryStaticPointerDowncast(), and TryStaticReferenceDowncast().
|
static |
TryStaticDowncast - Common functionality of TryStaticReferenceDowncast and TryStaticPointerDowncast.
Tests whether a static downcast from SrcType to DestType is possible and allowed.
Definition at line 1660 of file SemaCast.cpp.
References clang::Sema::AR_accessible, clang::Sema::AR_delayed, clang::Sema::AR_dependent, clang::Sema::AR_inaccessible, clang::CanQual< T >::getAs(), clang::QualType::getAsString(), clang::SourceRange::getBegin(), clang::CanQual< T >::getUnqualifiedType(), clang::QualType::getUnqualifiedType(), clang::CanQual< T >::isAtLeastAsQualifiedAs(), Path, clang::Self, TC_Failed, TC_NotApplicable, TC_Success, and clang::VirtualBase.
Referenced by TryStaticPointerDowncast(), and TryStaticReferenceDowncast().
|
static |
TryStaticImplicitCast - Tests whether a conversion according to C++ 5.2.9p2 is valid:
An expression e can be explicitly converted to a type T using a static_cast
if the declaration "T t(e);" is well-formed [...].
Definition at line 1890 of file SemaCast.cpp.
References clang::InitializationKind::CreateCast(), clang::InitializationKind::CreateCStyleCast(), clang::InitializationKind::CreateFunctionalCast(), clang::CStyleCast, clang::InitializationSequence::Failed(), clang::FunctionalCast, clang::ActionResult< PtrTy, Compress >::get(), clang::SourceRange::getBegin(), clang::InitializedEntity::InitializeTemporary(), clang::InitializationSequence::isConstructorInitialization(), clang::Type::isRecordType(), clang::Type::isReferenceType(), clang::InitializationSequence::Perform(), clang::Result, clang::Self, TC_Failed, TC_NotApplicable, and TC_Success.
Referenced by TryStaticCast().
|
static |
TryStaticMemberPointerUpcast - Tests whether a conversion according to C++ 5.2.9p9 is valid:
An rvalue of type "pointer to member of D of type cv1 T" can be converted to an rvalue of type "pointer to member of B of type cv2 T", where B is a base class of D [...].
Definition at line 1773 of file SemaCast.cpp.
References clang::Sema::AR_accessible, clang::Sema::AR_delayed, clang::Sema::AR_dependent, clang::Sema::AR_inaccessible, clang::ActionResult< PtrTy, Compress >::get(), clang::Type::getAs(), clang::SourceRange::getBegin(), clang::MemberPointerType::getClass(), clang::CXXMethodDecl::getParent(), clang::MemberPointerType::getPointeeType(), clang::Expr::getType(), clang::ActionResult< PtrTy, Compress >::isUsable(), clang::Self, TC_Failed, TC_NotApplicable, and TC_Success.
Referenced by TryStaticCast().
|
static |
Tests whether a conversion according to C++ 5.2.9p8 is valid.
Definition at line 1626 of file SemaCast.cpp.
References clang::Type::getAs(), clang::PointerType::getPointeeType(), clang::Self, TC_NotApplicable, and TryStaticDowncast().
Referenced by TryStaticCast().
|
static |
Tests whether a conversion according to C++ 5.2.9p5 is valid.
Definition at line 1588 of file SemaCast.cpp.
References clang::Type::getAs(), clang::ReferenceType::getPointeeType(), clang::Expr::getType(), clang::Expr::isLValue(), clang::Type::isRValueReferenceType(), clang::Self, TC_NotApplicable, and TryStaticDowncast().
Referenced by TryStaticCast().
|
static |
Unwrap one level of types for CastsAwayConstness.
Like Sema::UnwrapSimilarTypes, this removes one level of indirection from both types, provided that they're both pointer-like or array-like. Unlike the Sema function, doesn't care if the unwrapped pieces are related.
This function may remove additional levels as necessary for correctness: the resulting T1 is unwrapped sufficiently that it is never an array type, so that its qualifiers can be directly compared to those of T2 (which will have the combined set of qualifiers from all indermediate levels of T2), as (effectively) required by [expr.const.cast]p7 replacing T1's qualifiers with those from T2.
Definition at line 596 of file SemaCast.cpp.
References clang::ASTContext::getAsArrayType(), clang::QualType::getCVRQualifiers(), clang::Type::getPointeeType(), clang::Type::isAnyPointerType(), clang::Type::isBlockPointerType(), clang::Type::isConstantArrayType(), clang::Type::isIncompleteArrayType(), clang::Type::isMemberPointerType(), clang::Type::isReferenceType(), clang::None, clang::T, clang::ASTContext::UnwrapSimilarArrayTypes(), clang::ASTContext::UnwrapSimilarTypes(), and clang::QualType::withCVRQualifiers().
Referenced by CastsAwayConstness().