FactsGenerator.cpp

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//===- FactsGenerator.cpp - Lifetime Facts Generation -----------*- C++ -*-===//
//
// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
//
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
 
#include <cassert>
#include <string>
 
#include "clang/AST/Decl.h"
#include "clang/AST/DeclCXX.h"
#include "clang/AST/Expr.h"
#include "clang/AST/ExprCXX.h"
#include "clang/AST/OperationKinds.h"
#include "clang/Analysis/Analyses/LifetimeSafety/Facts.h"
#include "clang/Analysis/Analyses/LifetimeSafety/FactsGenerator.h"
#include "clang/Analysis/Analyses/LifetimeSafety/LifetimeAnnotations.h"
#include "clang/Analysis/Analyses/LifetimeSafety/Origins.h"
#include "clang/Analysis/Analyses/PostOrderCFGView.h"
#include "clang/Analysis/CFG.h"
#include "clang/Basic/OperatorKinds.h"
#include "llvm/ADT/ArrayRef.h"
#include "llvm/ADT/STLExtras.h"
#include "llvm/Support/Casting.h"
#include "llvm/Support/Signals.h"
#include "llvm/Support/TimeProfiler.h"
 
namespace clang::lifetimes::internal {
using llvm::isa_and_present;
 
OriginList *FactsGenerator::getOriginsList(const ValueDecl &D) {
  return FactMgr.getOriginMgr().getOrCreateList(&D);
}
OriginList *FactsGenerator::getOriginsList(const Expr &E) {
  return FactMgr.getOriginMgr().getOrCreateList(&E);
}
 
bool FactsGenerator::hasOrigins(QualType QT) const {
  return FactMgr.getOriginMgr().hasOrigins(QT);
}
 
bool FactsGenerator::hasOrigins(const Expr *E) const {
  return FactMgr.getOriginMgr().hasOrigins(E);
}
 
/// Propagates origin information from Src to Dst through all levels of
/// indirection, creating OriginFlowFacts at each level.
///
/// This function enforces a critical type-safety invariant: both lists must
/// have the same shape (same depth/structure). This invariant ensures that
/// origins flow only between compatible types during expression evaluation.
///
/// Examples:
///   - `int* p = &x;` flows origins from `&x` (depth 1) to `p` (depth 1)
///   - `int** pp = &p;` flows origins from `&p` (depth 2) to `pp` (depth 2)
///     * Level 1: pp <- p's address
///     * Level 2: (*pp) <- what p points to (i.e., &x)
///   - `View v = obj;` flows origins from `obj` (depth 1) to `v` (depth 1)
///
/// \param Dst The destination origin list.
/// \param Src The source origin list.
/// \param Kill If true, the destination's existing loans are killed before
///             flowing.
/// \param Block Optional. If provided, the generated flow facts are appended to
///              this specific CFG block. Otherwise, they are appended to the
///              current block being visited.
void FactsGenerator::flow(OriginList *Dst, OriginList *Src, bool Kill,
                          const CFGBlock *Block) {
  if (!Dst)
    return;
  assert(Src &&
         "Dst is non-null but Src is null. List must have the same length");
  assert(Dst->getLength() == Src->getLength() &&
         "Lists must have the same length");
 
  while (Dst && Src) {
    Fact *F = FactMgr.createFact<OriginFlowFact>(Dst->getOuterOriginID(),
                                                 Src->getOuterOriginID(), Kill);
    if (Block)
      FactMgr.appendBlockFact(Block, F);
    else
      CurrentBlockFacts.push_back(F);
    Dst = Dst->peelOuterOrigin();
    Src = Src->peelOuterOrigin();
  }
}
 
/// Creates a loan for the storage path of a given declaration reference.
/// This function should be called whenever a DeclRefExpr represents a borrow.
/// \param DRE The declaration reference expression that initiates the borrow.
/// \return The new Loan on success, nullptr otherwise.
static const Loan *createLoan(FactManager &FactMgr, const DeclRefExpr *DRE) {
  const ValueDecl *VD = DRE->getDecl();
  AccessPath Path(VD);
  // The loan is created at the location of the DeclRefExpr.
  return FactMgr.getLoanMgr().createLoan(Path, DRE);
}
 
/// Creates a loan for the storage location of a temporary object.
/// \param MTE The MaterializeTemporaryExpr that represents the temporary
/// binding. \return The new Loan.
static const Loan *createLoan(FactManager &FactMgr,
                              const MaterializeTemporaryExpr *MTE) {
  AccessPath Path(MTE);
  return FactMgr.getLoanMgr().createLoan(Path, MTE);
}
 
/// Creates a loan for an allocation through 'new'
/// \param NE The CXXNewExpr that represents the allocation
/// \return The new Loan on success, nullptr otherwise
static const Loan *createLoan(FactManager &FactMgr, const CXXNewExpr *NE) {
  AccessPath Path(NE);
  return FactMgr.getLoanMgr().createLoan(Path, NE);
}
 
void FactsGenerator::run() {
  llvm::TimeTraceScope TimeProfile("FactGenerator");
  const CFG &Cfg = *AC.getCFG();
  llvm::SmallVector<Fact *> PlaceholderLoanFacts = issuePlaceholderLoans();
  // Iterate through the CFG blocks in reverse post-order to ensure that
  // initializations and destructions are processed in the correct sequence.
  for (const CFGBlock *Block : *AC.getAnalysis<PostOrderCFGView>()) {
    CurrentBlockFacts.clear();
    EscapesInCurrentBlock.clear();
    CurrentBlock = Block;
    if (Block == &Cfg.getEntry())
      CurrentBlockFacts.append(PlaceholderLoanFacts.begin(),
                               PlaceholderLoanFacts.end());
    for (unsigned I = 0; I < Block->size(); ++I) {
      const CFGElement &Element = Block->Elements[I];
      if (std::optional<CFGStmt> CS = Element.getAs<CFGStmt>())
        Visit(CS->getStmt());
      else if (std::optional<CFGInitializer> Initializer =
                   Element.getAs<CFGInitializer>())
        handleCXXCtorInitializer(Initializer->getInitializer());
      else if (std::optional<CFGLifetimeEnds> LifetimeEnds =
                   Element.getAs<CFGLifetimeEnds>())
        handleLifetimeEnds(*LifetimeEnds);
      else if (std::optional<CFGFullExprCleanup> FullExprCleanup =
                   Element.getAs<CFGFullExprCleanup>()) {
        handleFullExprCleanup(*FullExprCleanup);
      }
    }
    if (Block == &Cfg.getExit())
      handleExitBlock();
 
    CurrentBlockFacts.append(EscapesInCurrentBlock.begin(),
                             EscapesInCurrentBlock.end());
    FactMgr.addBlockFacts(Block, CurrentBlockFacts);
  }
}
 
/// Simulates LValueToRValue conversion by peeling the outer lvalue origin
/// if the expression is a GLValue. For pointer/view GLValues, this strips
/// the origin representing the storage location to get the origins of the
/// pointed-to value.
///
/// Example: For `View& v`, returns the origin of what v points to, not v's
/// storage.
static OriginList *getRValueOrigins(const Expr *E, OriginList *List) {
  if (!List)
    return nullptr;
  return E->isGLValue() ? List->peelOuterOrigin() : List;
}
 
void FactsGenerator::VisitDeclStmt(const DeclStmt *DS) {
  for (const Decl *D : DS->decls())
    if (const auto *VD = dyn_cast<VarDecl>(D))
      if (const Expr *InitExpr = VD->getInit()) {
        OriginList *VDList = getOriginsList(*VD);
        if (!VDList)
          continue;
        OriginList *InitList = getOriginsList(*InitExpr);
        assert(InitList && "VarDecl had origins but InitExpr did not");
        flow(VDList, InitList, /*Kill=*/true);
      }
}
 
void FactsGenerator::VisitDeclRefExpr(const DeclRefExpr *DRE) {
  // Skip function references as their lifetimes are not interesting. Skip non
  // GLValues (like EnumConstants).
  if (DRE->getFoundDecl()->isFunctionOrFunctionTemplate() || !DRE->isGLValue())
    return;
  handleUse(DRE);
  // For all declarations with storage (non-references), we issue a loan
  // representing the borrow of the variable's storage itself.
  //
  // Examples:
  //   - `int x; x` issues loan to x's storage
  //   - `int* p; p` issues loan to p's storage (the pointer variable)
  //   - `View v; v` issues loan to v's storage (the view object)
  //   - `int& r = x; r` issues no loan (r has no storage, it's an alias to x)
  if (doesDeclHaveStorage(DRE->getDecl())) {
    const Loan *L = createLoan(FactMgr, DRE);
    assert(L);
    OriginList *List = getOriginsList(*DRE);
    assert(List &&
           "gl-value DRE of non-pointer type should have an origin list");
    // This loan specifically tracks borrowing the variable's storage location
    // itself and is issued to outermost origin (List->OID).
    CurrentBlockFacts.push_back(
        FactMgr.createFact<IssueFact>(L->getID(), List->getOuterOriginID()));
  }
}
 
void FactsGenerator::VisitCXXConstructExpr(const CXXConstructExpr *CCE) {
  if (isGslPointerType(CCE->getType())) {
    handleGSLPointerConstruction(CCE);
    return;
  }
  // For defaulted (implicit or `= default`) copy/move constructors, propagate
  // origins directly. User-defined copy/move constructors are not handled here
  // as they have opaque semantics.
  if (CCE->getConstructor()->isCopyOrMoveConstructor() &&
      CCE->getConstructor()->isDefaulted() && CCE->getNumArgs() == 1 &&
      hasOrigins(CCE->getType())) {
    const Expr *Arg = CCE->getArg(0);
    if (OriginList *ArgList = getRValueOrigins(Arg, getOriginsList(*Arg))) {
      flow(getOriginsList(*CCE), ArgList, /*Kill=*/true);
      return;
    }
  }
  // Standard library callable wrappers (e.g., std::function) propagate the
  // stored lambda's origins.
  if (const auto *RD = CCE->getType()->getAsCXXRecordDecl();
      RD && isStdCallableWrapperType(RD) && CCE->getNumArgs() == 1) {
    const Expr *Arg = CCE->getArg(0);
    if (OriginList *ArgList = getRValueOrigins(Arg, getOriginsList(*Arg))) {
      flow(getOriginsList(*CCE), ArgList, /*Kill=*/true);
      return;
    }
  }
  handleFunctionCall(CCE, CCE->getConstructor(),
                     {CCE->getArgs(), CCE->getNumArgs()},
                     /*IsGslConstruction=*/false);
}
 
void FactsGenerator::VisitCXXDefaultInitExpr(const CXXDefaultInitExpr *DIE) {
  if (const Expr *Init = DIE->getExpr())
    killAndFlowOrigin(*DIE, *Init);
}
 
void FactsGenerator::handleCXXCtorInitializer(const CXXCtorInitializer *CII) {
  // Flows origins from the initializer expression to the field.
  // Example: `MyObj(std::string s) : view(s) {}`
  if (const FieldDecl *FD = CII->getAnyMember())
    killAndFlowOrigin(*FD, *CII->getInit());
}
 
void FactsGenerator::VisitCXXMemberCallExpr(const CXXMemberCallExpr *MCE) {
  // Specifically for conversion operators,
  // like `std::string_view p = std::string{};`
  if (isGslPointerType(MCE->getType()) &&
      isa_and_present<CXXConversionDecl>(MCE->getCalleeDecl()) &&
      isGslOwnerType(MCE->getImplicitObjectArgument()->getType())) {
    // The argument is the implicit object itself.
    handleFunctionCall(MCE, MCE->getMethodDecl(),
                       {MCE->getImplicitObjectArgument()},
                       /*IsGslConstruction=*/true);
    return;
  }
  if (const CXXMethodDecl *Method = MCE->getMethodDecl()) {
    // Construct the argument list, with the implicit 'this' object as the
    // first argument.
    llvm::SmallVector<const Expr *, 4> Args;
    Args.push_back(MCE->getImplicitObjectArgument());
    Args.append(MCE->getArgs(), MCE->getArgs() + MCE->getNumArgs());
 
    handleFunctionCall(MCE, Method, Args, /*IsGslConstruction=*/false);
  }
}
 
void FactsGenerator::VisitMemberExpr(const MemberExpr *ME) {
  auto *MD = ME->getMemberDecl();
  if (isa<FieldDecl>(MD) && doesDeclHaveStorage(MD)) {
    assert(ME->isGLValue() && "Field member should be GL value");
    OriginList *Dst = getOriginsList(*ME);
    assert(Dst && "Field member should have an origin list as it is GL value");
    OriginList *Src = getOriginsList(*ME->getBase());
    assert(Src && "Base expression should be a pointer/reference type");
    // The field's glvalue (outermost origin) holds the same loans as the base
    // expression.
    CurrentBlockFacts.push_back(FactMgr.createFact<OriginFlowFact>(
        Dst->getOuterOriginID(), Src->getOuterOriginID(),
        /*Kill=*/true));
  }
}
 
void FactsGenerator::VisitCallExpr(const CallExpr *CE) {
  handleFunctionCall(CE, CE->getDirectCallee(),
                     {CE->getArgs(), CE->getNumArgs()});
}
 
void FactsGenerator::VisitCXXNullPtrLiteralExpr(
    const CXXNullPtrLiteralExpr *N) {
  /// TODO: Handle nullptr expr as a special 'null' loan. Uninitialized
  /// pointers can use the same type of loan.
  getOriginsList(*N);
}
 
void FactsGenerator::VisitCastExpr(const CastExpr *CE) {
  OriginList *Dest = getOriginsList(*CE);
  if (!Dest)
    return;
  const Expr *SubExpr = CE->getSubExpr();
  OriginList *Src = getOriginsList(*SubExpr);
 
  switch (CE->getCastKind()) {
  case CK_LValueToRValue:
    if (!SubExpr->isGLValue())
      return;
 
    assert(Src && "LValue being cast to RValue has no origin list");
    // The result of an LValue-to-RValue cast on a pointer lvalue (like `q` in
    // `int *p, *q; p = q;`) should propagate the inner origin (what the pointer
    // points to), not the outer origin (the pointer's storage location). Strip
    // the outer lvalue origin.
    flow(getOriginsList(*CE), getRValueOrigins(SubExpr, Src),
         /*Kill=*/true);
    return;
  case CK_NullToPointer:
    getOriginsList(*CE);
    // TODO: Flow into them a null origin.
    return;
  case CK_NoOp:
  case CK_ConstructorConversion:
  case CK_UserDefinedConversion:
    flow(Dest, Src, /*Kill=*/true);
    return;
  case CK_UncheckedDerivedToBase:
  case CK_DerivedToBase:
    // It is possible that the derived class and base class have different
    // gsl::Pointer annotations. Skip if their origin shape differ.
    if (Dest && Src && Dest->getLength() == Src->getLength())
      flow(Dest, Src, /*Kill=*/true);
    return;
  case CK_ArrayToPointerDecay:
    // va_arg(ap, array_type) is UB and does not provide addressable array
    // storage to model.
    if (isa<VAArgExpr>(SubExpr->IgnoreParens()))
      return;
    assert(Src && "Array expression should have origins as it is GL value");
    CurrentBlockFacts.push_back(FactMgr.createFact<OriginFlowFact>(
        Dest->getOuterOriginID(), Src->getOuterOriginID(), /*Kill=*/true));
    return;
  case CK_FunctionToPointerDecay:
  case CK_BuiltinFnToFnPtr:
    // Ignore function-to-pointer decays.
    return;
  case CK_BitCast:
    // OriginLists for Src and Dst may differ here. For example when casting
    // from int** to void*
    if (Src && Dest && Dest->getLength() == Src->getLength())
      flow(Dest, Src, /*Kill=*/true);
    return;
  case CK_LValueToRValueBitCast:
  case CK_NonAtomicToAtomic:
  case CK_AtomicToNonAtomic: {
    // `__builtin_bit_cast`/`std::bit_cast` of a pointer, and
    // wrapping/unwrapping `_Atomic(T*)`, preserve the pointer value, so
    // propagate the borrow. The operand may be a glvalue, so strip its outer
    // lvalue level first. A bit-cast that materializes a pointer from a
    // non-pointer representation has no matching source origin and is
    // untracked.
    OriginList *RVSrc = getRValueOrigins(SubExpr, Src);
    if (RVSrc && Dest->getLength() == RVSrc->getLength())
      flow(Dest, RVSrc, /*Kill=*/true);
    return;
  }
  default:
    return;
  }
}
 
void FactsGenerator::VisitUnaryOperator(const UnaryOperator *UO) {
  switch (UO->getOpcode()) {
  case UO_AddrOf: {
    const Expr *SubExpr = UO->getSubExpr();
    // Function addresses do not need lifetime tracking.
    if (SubExpr->getType()->isFunctionType())
      return;
    // Skip address-of on void expressions: GNU C permits them, but void itself
    // has no origins to track.
    if (IsCMode && SubExpr->getType()->isVoidType())
      return;
    assert(!SubExpr->getType()->isVoidType() &&
           "Taking address of void is not valid in C++");
    // The origin of an address-of expression (e.g., &x) is the origin of
    // its sub-expression (x). This fact will cause the dataflow analysis
    // to propagate any loans held by the sub-expression's origin to the
    // origin of this UnaryOperator expression.
    killAndFlowOrigin(*UO, *SubExpr);
    return;
  }
  case UO_Deref: {
    const Expr *SubExpr = UO->getSubExpr();
    killAndFlowOrigin(*UO, *SubExpr);
    return;
  }
  case UO_Plus: {
    // Unary plus on a pointer is the identity (`+p == p`), so the prvalue
    // result carries the operand's loans. Flow the operand's rvalue origins
    // (peeling storage only when the operand is itself a glvalue).
    if (!UO->getType()->isPointerType())
      return;
    const Expr *SubExpr = UO->getSubExpr();
    flow(getOriginsList(*UO),
         getRValueOrigins(SubExpr, getOriginsList(*SubExpr)), /*Kill=*/true);
    return;
  }
  case UO_PreInc:
  case UO_PostInc:
  case UO_PreDec:
  case UO_PostDec: {
    // Inc/dec keeps a pointer in the same allocation, so the result carries the
    // operand's loans. Peel the operand's storage origin when the *result* is a
    // prvalue (post-inc/dec, or any form in C) -- the inverse of
    // getRValueOrigins, which peels when its own argument is a glvalue.
    if (!UO->getType()->isPointerType())
      return;
    OriginList *SubList = getOriginsList(*UO->getSubExpr());
    flow(getOriginsList(*UO),
         UO->isGLValue() ? SubList : SubList->peelOuterOrigin(), /*Kill=*/true);
    return;
  }
  default:
    return;
  }
}
 
void FactsGenerator::VisitReturnStmt(const ReturnStmt *RS) {
  if (const Expr *RetExpr = RS->getRetValue()) {
    if (OriginList *List = getOriginsList(*RetExpr))
      for (OriginList *L = List; L != nullptr; L = L->peelOuterOrigin())
        EscapesInCurrentBlock.push_back(FactMgr.createFact<ReturnEscapeFact>(
            L->getOuterOriginID(), RetExpr));
  }
}
 
void FactsGenerator::handleAssignment(const Expr *TargetExpr,
                                      const Expr *LHSExpr,
                                      const Expr *RHSExpr) {
  LHSExpr = LHSExpr->IgnoreParenImpCasts();
  OriginList *LHSList = nullptr;
 
  if (const auto *DRE_LHS = dyn_cast<DeclRefExpr>(LHSExpr)) {
    LHSList = getOriginsList(*DRE_LHS);
    assert(LHSList && "LHS is a DRE and should have an origin list");
  }
  // Handle assignment to member fields (e.g., `this->view = s` or `view = s`).
  // This enables detection of dangling fields when local values escape to
  // fields.
  if (const auto *ME_LHS = dyn_cast<MemberExpr>(LHSExpr)) {
    LHSList = getOriginsList(*ME_LHS);
    assert(LHSList && "LHS is a MemberExpr and should have an origin list");
  }
  if (!LHSList)
    return;
  OriginList *RHSList = getOriginsList(*RHSExpr);
  // For operator= with reference parameters (e.g.,
  // `View& operator=(const View&)`), the RHS argument stays an lvalue,
  // unlike built-in assignment where LValueToRValue cast strips the outer
  // lvalue origin. Strip it manually to get the actual value origins being
  // assigned.
  RHSList = getRValueOrigins(RHSExpr, RHSList);
 
  if (const auto *DRE_LHS = dyn_cast<DeclRefExpr>(LHSExpr)) {
    QualType QT = DRE_LHS->getDecl()->getType();
    if (QT->isReferenceType()) {
      if (hasOrigins(QT->getPointeeType())) {
        // Writing through a reference uses the binding but overwrites the
        // pointee. Model this as a Read of the outer origin (keeping the
        // binding live) and a Write of the inner origins (killing the pointee's
        // liveness).
        if (UseFact *UF = UseFacts.lookup(DRE_LHS)) {
          const OriginList *FullList = UF->getUsedOrigins();
          assert(FullList);
          UF->setUsedOrigins(FactMgr.getOriginMgr().createSingleOriginList(
              FullList->getOuterOriginID()));
          if (const OriginList *InnerList = FullList->peelOuterOrigin()) {
            UseFact *WriteUF = FactMgr.createFact<UseFact>(DRE_LHS, InnerList);
            WriteUF->markAsWritten();
            CurrentBlockFacts.push_back(WriteUF);
          }
        }
      }
    } else
      markUseAsWrite(DRE_LHS);
  }
  if (!RHSList) {
    // RHS has no tracked origins (e.g., assigning a callable without origins
    // to std::function). Clear loans of the destination.
    for (OriginList *LHSInner = LHSList->peelOuterOrigin(); LHSInner;
         LHSInner = LHSInner->peelOuterOrigin())
      CurrentBlockFacts.push_back(
          FactMgr.createFact<KillOriginFact>(LHSInner->getOuterOriginID()));
    return;
  }
  // Kill the old loans of the destination origin and flow the new loans
  // from the source origin.
  flow(LHSList->peelOuterOrigin(), RHSList, /*Kill=*/true);
 
  // In C, assignment expressions are not GLValues, so the assignment result has
  // the assigned value origins, not the LHS storage origin.
  if (IsCMode)
    LHSList = getRValueOrigins(LHSExpr, LHSList);
  flow(getOriginsList(*TargetExpr), LHSList, /*Kill=*/true);
}
 
void FactsGenerator::handlePointerArithmetic(const BinaryOperator *BO) {
  if (Expr *RHS = BO->getRHS(); RHS->getType()->isPointerType()) {
    killAndFlowOrigin(*BO, *RHS);
    return;
  }
  Expr *LHS = BO->getLHS();
  assert(LHS->getType()->isPointerType() &&
         "Pointer arithmetic must have a pointer operand");
  killAndFlowOrigin(*BO, *LHS);
}
 
void FactsGenerator::VisitBinaryOperator(const BinaryOperator *BO) {
  if (BO->getOpcode() == BO_PtrMemD || BO->getOpcode() == BO_PtrMemI) {
    // `obj.*pm` / `objptr->*pm` names a member of the object, so a borrow of it
    // borrows the object; flow the object's origin into the result. For `.*`
    // the object is the LHS; for `->*` it is the LHS pointer's pointee.
    //
    // Only the result's outer (storage) origin relates to the object: borrowing
    // the member borrows the object's storage. Deeper levels of the result (a
    // pointer/view member's own pointee) are the member's value, with no
    // counterpart in the object's origin -- so the lists may differ in length
    // and we flow just the top level, leaving the member's value untouched.
    OriginList *Dst = getOriginsList(*BO);
    OriginList *ObjSrc =
        BO->getOpcode() == BO_PtrMemD
            ? getOriginsList(*BO->getLHS())
            : getRValueOrigins(BO->getLHS(), getOriginsList(*BO->getLHS()));
    if (Dst && ObjSrc)
      CurrentBlockFacts.push_back(FactMgr.createFact<OriginFlowFact>(
          Dst->getOuterOriginID(), ObjSrc->getOuterOriginID(), /*Kill=*/true));
    handleUse(BO->getLHS());
    return;
  }
  if (BO->getOpcode() == BO_Comma) {
    killAndFlowOrigin(*BO, *BO->getRHS());
    return;
  }
  if (BO->isCompoundAssignmentOp()) {
    // A pointer compound additive assignment (`p += n`) carries the LHS's loans
    // like inc/dec above; in C the result is a prvalue, so peel its outer
    // (storage) origin.
    if (BO->getType()->isPointerType()) {
      OriginList *LHSList = getOriginsList(*BO->getLHS());
      flow(getOriginsList(*BO), IsCMode ? LHSList->peelOuterOrigin() : LHSList,
           /*Kill=*/true);
    }
    return;
  }
  if (BO->getType()->isPointerType() && BO->isAdditiveOp())
    handlePointerArithmetic(BO);
  handleUse(BO->getRHS());
  if (BO->isAssignmentOp())
    handleAssignment(BO, BO->getLHS(), BO->getRHS());
  // TODO: Handle assignments involving dereference like `*p = q`.
}
 
static const CFGBlock *findPredBlockForExpr(const CFGBlock *MergeBlock,
                                            const Expr *ArmExpr) {
  if (!ArmExpr)
    return nullptr;
  const Expr *Target = ArmExpr->IgnoreParenImpCasts();
  if (const auto *OVE = dyn_cast<OpaqueValueExpr>(Target))
    if (const Expr *Src = OVE->getSourceExpr())
      Target = Src->IgnoreParenImpCasts();
 
  for (const CFGBlock *Pred : MergeBlock->preds()) {
    if (!Pred)
      continue;
    for (const CFGElement &Elt : *Pred)
      if (auto CS = Elt.getAs<CFGStmt>())
        if (const auto *E = dyn_cast<Expr>(CS->getStmt()))
          if (E->IgnoreParenImpCasts() == Target)
            return Pred;
  }
  return nullptr;
}
 
/// Visits conditional operators (e.g., `cond ? a : b`).
///
/// To prevent liveness leakage across loop backedges (which causes false
/// positives like in `while (...) { int x; consume(cond ? &x : nullptr); }`),
/// we generate the flow facts in the respective predecessor blocks of the arms
/// rather than in the merge block. This ensures that the liveness of the
/// temporary origin from one arm does not propagate into the other arm's path.
void FactsGenerator::VisitAbstractConditionalOperator(
    const AbstractConditionalOperator *CO) {
  if (!hasOrigins(CO))
    return;
 
  const Expr *TrueExpr = CO->getTrueExpr();
  const Expr *FalseExpr = CO->getFalseExpr();
 
  if (const CFGBlock *TBPred = findPredBlockForExpr(CurrentBlock, TrueExpr))
    flow(getOriginsList(*CO), getOriginsList(*TrueExpr), /*Kill=*/true, TBPred);
  if (const CFGBlock *FBPred = findPredBlockForExpr(CurrentBlock, FalseExpr))
    flow(getOriginsList(*CO), getOriginsList(*FalseExpr), /*Kill=*/true,
         FBPred);
}
 
void FactsGenerator::VisitCXXOperatorCallExpr(const CXXOperatorCallExpr *OCE) {
  // Assignment operators have special "kill-then-propagate" semantics
  // and are handled separately.
  if (OCE->getOperator() == OO_Equal && OCE->getNumArgs() == 2 &&
      hasOrigins(OCE->getArg(0)->getType())) {
    // Pointer-like types: assignment inherently propagates origins.
    QualType LHSTy = OCE->getArg(0)->getType();
    if (LHSTy->isPointerOrReferenceType() || isGslPointerType(LHSTy) ||
        isGslOwnerType(LHSTy)) {
      handleAssignment(OCE, OCE->getArg(0), OCE->getArg(1));
      return;
    }
    // Standard library callable wrappers (e.g., std::function) can propagate
    // the stored lambda's origins.
    if (const auto *RD = LHSTy->getAsCXXRecordDecl();
        RD && isStdCallableWrapperType(RD)) {
      handleAssignment(OCE, OCE->getArg(0), OCE->getArg(1));
      return;
    }
    // Other tracked types: only defaulted operator= propagates origins.
    // User-defined operator= has opaque semantics, so don't handle them now.
    if (const auto *MD =
            dyn_cast_or_null<CXXMethodDecl>(OCE->getDirectCallee());
        MD && MD->isDefaulted()) {
      handleAssignment(OCE, OCE->getArg(0), OCE->getArg(1));
      return;
    }
  }
 
  ArrayRef<const Expr *> Args(OCE->getArgs(), OCE->getNumArgs());
  // For `static operator()`, the first argument is the object argument,
  // remove it from the argument list to avoid off-by-one errors.
  if (OCE->getOperator() == OO_Call && OCE->getDirectCallee()->isStatic())
    Args = Args.slice(1);
  handleFunctionCall(OCE, OCE->getDirectCallee(), Args);
}
 
void FactsGenerator::VisitCXXFunctionalCastExpr(
    const CXXFunctionalCastExpr *FCE) {
  // Check if this is a test point marker. If so, we are done with this
  // expression.
  if (handleTestPoint(FCE))
    return;
  VisitCastExpr(FCE);
}
 
void FactsGenerator::VisitInitListExpr(const InitListExpr *ILE) {
  if (!hasOrigins(ILE))
    return;
  // For list initialization with a single element, like `View{...}`, the
  // origin of the list itself is the origin of its single element.
  if (ILE->getNumInits() == 1) {
    // A type with origins may be list-initialized from an element with none
    // (e.g., an int). Only flow if the element carries any.
    if (!hasOrigins(ILE->getInit(0)))
      return;
    killAndFlowOrigin(*ILE, *ILE->getInit(0));
  }
}
 
void FactsGenerator::VisitCXXBindTemporaryExpr(
    const CXXBindTemporaryExpr *BTE) {
  killAndFlowOrigin(*BTE, *BTE->getSubExpr());
}
 
void FactsGenerator::VisitMaterializeTemporaryExpr(
    const MaterializeTemporaryExpr *MTE) {
  assert(MTE->isGLValue());
  OriginList *MTEList = getOriginsList(*MTE);
  if (!MTEList)
    return;
  OriginList *SubExprList = getOriginsList(*MTE->getSubExpr());
  assert((!SubExprList ||
          MTEList->getLength() == (SubExprList->getLength() + 1)) &&
         "MTE top level origin should contain a loan to the MTE itself");
 
  OriginList *RValMTEList = getRValueOrigins(MTE, MTEList);
  flow(RValMTEList, SubExprList, /*Kill=*/true);
  OriginID OuterMTEID = MTEList->getOuterOriginID();
  if (MTE->getStorageDuration() == SD_FullExpression) {
    // Issue a loan to MTE for the storage location represented by MTE.
    const Loan *L = createLoan(FactMgr, MTE);
    CurrentBlockFacts.push_back(
        FactMgr.createFact<IssueFact>(L->getID(), OuterMTEID));
  }
}
 
void FactsGenerator::VisitLambdaExpr(const LambdaExpr *LE) {
  // The lambda gets a single merged origin that aggregates all captured
  // pointer-like origins. Currently we only need to detect whether the lambda
  // outlives any capture.
  OriginList *LambdaList = getOriginsList(*LE);
  if (!LambdaList)
    return;
  bool Kill = true;
  for (const Expr *Init : LE->capture_inits()) {
    if (!Init)
      continue;
    OriginList *InitList = getOriginsList(*Init);
    if (!InitList)
      continue;
    // FIXME: Consider flowing all origin levels once lambdas support more than
    // one origin. Currently only the outermost origin is flowed, so by-ref
    // captures like `[&p]` (where p is string_view) miss inner-level
    // invalidation.
    CurrentBlockFacts.push_back(FactMgr.createFact<OriginFlowFact>(
        LambdaList->getOuterOriginID(), InitList->getOuterOriginID(), Kill));
    Kill = false;
  }
}
 
void FactsGenerator::VisitArraySubscriptExpr(const ArraySubscriptExpr *ASE) {
  // Some C subscripts do not refer to addressable storage with origins, such as
  // GNU void-pointer subscripts and vector element extraction from rvalues.
  if (IsCMode && !ASE->isGLValue())
    return;
  assert(ASE->isGLValue() && "Array subscript should be a GL value");
  OriginList *Dst = getOriginsList(*ASE);
  assert(Dst && "Array subscript should have origins as it is a GL value");
  OriginList *Src = getOriginsList(*ASE->getBase());
  assert(Src && "Base of array subscript should have origins");
  CurrentBlockFacts.push_back(FactMgr.createFact<OriginFlowFact>(
      Dst->getOuterOriginID(), Src->getOuterOriginID(), /*Kill=*/true));
}
 
bool FactsGenerator::handlePlacementNew(const CXXNewExpr *NE,
                                        OriginList *NewList) {
  // Model only the standard single-argument placement new form, where the
  // placement argument corresponds to a void* allocation-function parameter.
  // Other placement forms, such as std::nothrow, are not modeled as providing
  // storage for the returned pointer.
  if (NE->getNumPlacementArgs() != 1)
    return false;
 
  const FunctionDecl *OperatorNew = NE->getOperatorNew();
  if (OperatorNew->getNumParams() <= 1)
    return false;
 
  const auto *Arg =
      OperatorNew->getParamDecl(1)->getType()->getAs<PointerType>();
  if (!Arg || !Arg->isVoidPointerType())
    return false;
 
  // Use the placement argument before the implicit conversion to void*, so
  // inner origins are still available.
  const Expr *PlacementArg = NE->getPlacementArg(0);
  if (const auto *ICE = dyn_cast<ImplicitCastExpr>(PlacementArg);
      ICE && ICE->getCastKind() == CK_BitCast &&
      PlacementArg->getType()->isVoidPointerType())
    PlacementArg = ICE->getSubExpr();
  OriginList *PlacementList = getOriginsList(*PlacementArg);
  // FIXME: General placement arguments need separate handling to overwrite
  // the right origins.
 
  // The pointer returned by placement new comes from the placement
  // argument.
  if (PlacementList)
    CurrentBlockFacts.push_back(FactMgr.createFact<OriginFlowFact>(
        NewList->getOuterOriginID(), PlacementList->getOuterOriginID(), true));
  return true;
}
 
void FactsGenerator::VisitCXXNewExpr(const CXXNewExpr *NE) {
  OriginList *NewList = getOriginsList(*NE);
  const Expr *Init = NE->getInitializer();
 
  bool HandledAsPlacementNew = false;
  if (NE->getNumPlacementArgs() == 1)
    HandledAsPlacementNew = handlePlacementNew(NE, NewList);
 
  // Treat ordinary new and replaceable global allocation forms as heap
  // allocations.
  const FunctionDecl *OperatorNew = NE->getOperatorNew();
  if (!HandledAsPlacementNew &&
      (NE->getNumPlacementArgs() == 0 ||
       (OperatorNew && OperatorNew->isReplaceableGlobalAllocationFunction()))) {
    const Loan *L = createLoan(FactMgr, NE);
    CurrentBlockFacts.push_back(
        FactMgr.createFact<IssueFact>(L->getID(), NewList->getOuterOriginID()));
  }
 
  NewList = NewList->peelOuterOrigin();
 
  if (!NewList || !Init)
    return;
 
  // FIXME: OriginList is null for `new[]` initializers. Remove this `Init`
  // check once array origins are supported.
  if (OriginList *InitList = getOriginsList(*Init); InitList)
    flow(NewList, InitList, true);
}
 
void FactsGenerator::VisitCXXDeleteExpr(const CXXDeleteExpr *DE) {
  OriginList *List = getOriginsList(*DE->getArgument());
  CurrentBlockFacts.push_back(
      FactMgr.createFact<InvalidateOriginFact>(List->getOuterOriginID(), DE));
}
 
void FactsGenerator::VisitStmtExpr(const StmtExpr *SE) {
  // A statement expression (`({ ...; e; })`) yields the value of its final
  // expression `e`. Flow `e`'s origins into the statement expression's origin
  // so a borrow `e` carries reaches the value's users.
  const auto *CS = SE->getSubStmt();
  if (!CS || CS->body_empty())
    return;
  const auto *Last = dyn_cast<Expr>(CS->body_back());
  if (!Last)
    return;
  if (OriginList *Dst = getOriginsList(*SE))
    if (OriginList *Src = getRValueOrigins(Last, getOriginsList(*Last)))
      flow(Dst, Src, /*Kill=*/true);
}
 
bool FactsGenerator::escapesViaReturn(OriginID OID) const {
  return llvm::any_of(EscapesInCurrentBlock, [OID](const Fact *F) {
    if (const auto *EF = F->getAs<ReturnEscapeFact>())
      return EF->getEscapedOriginID() == OID;
    return false;
  });
}
 
void FactsGenerator::handleLifetimeEnds(const CFGLifetimeEnds &LifetimeEnds) {
  const VarDecl *LifetimeEndsVD = LifetimeEnds.getVarDecl();
  if (!LifetimeEndsVD)
    return;
  // Expire the origin when its variable's lifetime ends to ensure liveness
  // doesn't persist through loop back-edges.
  std::optional<OriginID> ExpiredOID;
  if (OriginList *List = getOriginsList(*LifetimeEndsVD)) {
    OriginID OID = List->getOuterOriginID();
    // Skip origins that escape via return; the escape checker needs their loans
    // to remain until the return statement is processed.
    if (!escapesViaReturn(OID))
      ExpiredOID = OID;
  }
  CurrentBlockFacts.push_back(FactMgr.createFact<ExpireFact>(
      AccessPath(LifetimeEndsVD), LifetimeEnds.getTriggerStmt()->getEndLoc(),
      ExpiredOID));
}
 
void FactsGenerator::handleFullExprCleanup(
    const CFGFullExprCleanup &FullExprCleanup) {
  for (const auto *MTE : FullExprCleanup.getExpiringMTEs())
    CurrentBlockFacts.push_back(FactMgr.createFact<ExpireFact>(
        AccessPath(MTE), FullExprCleanup.getCleanupLoc()));
}
 
void FactsGenerator::handleExitBlock() {
  for (const Origin &O : FactMgr.getOriginMgr().getOrigins())
    if (auto *FD = dyn_cast_if_present<FieldDecl>(O.getDecl()))
      // Create FieldEscapeFacts for all field origins that remain live at exit.
      EscapesInCurrentBlock.push_back(
          FactMgr.createFact<FieldEscapeFact>(O.ID, FD));
    else if (auto *VD = dyn_cast_if_present<VarDecl>(O.getDecl())) {
      // Create GlobalEscapeFacts for all origins with global-storage that
      // remain live at exit.
      if (VD->hasGlobalStorage()) {
        EscapesInCurrentBlock.push_back(
            FactMgr.createFact<GlobalEscapeFact>(O.ID, VD));
      }
    }
}
 
void FactsGenerator::handleGSLPointerConstruction(const CXXConstructExpr *CCE) {
  assert(isGslPointerType(CCE->getType()));
  if (CCE->getNumArgs() != 1)
    return;
 
  const Expr *Arg = CCE->getArg(0);
  if (isGslPointerType(Arg->getType())) {
    OriginList *ArgList = getOriginsList(*Arg);
    assert(ArgList && "GSL pointer argument should have an origin list");
    // GSL pointer is constructed from another gsl pointer.
    // Example:
    //  View(View v);
    //  View(const View &v);
    ArgList = getRValueOrigins(Arg, ArgList);
    flow(getOriginsList(*CCE), ArgList, /*Kill=*/true);
  } else if (Arg->getType()->isPointerType()) {
    // GSL pointer is constructed from a raw pointer. Flow only the outermost
    // raw pointer. Example:
    //  View(const char*);
    //  Span<int*>(const in**);
    OriginList *ArgList = getOriginsList(*Arg);
    CurrentBlockFacts.push_back(FactMgr.createFact<OriginFlowFact>(
        getOriginsList(*CCE)->getOuterOriginID(), ArgList->getOuterOriginID(),
        /*Kill=*/true));
  } else {
    // This could be a new borrow.
    // TODO: Add code example here.
    handleFunctionCall(CCE, CCE->getConstructor(),
                       {CCE->getArgs(), CCE->getNumArgs()},
                       /*IsGslConstruction=*/true);
  }
}
 
void FactsGenerator::handleMovedArgsInCall(const FunctionDecl *FD,
                                           ArrayRef<const Expr *> Args) {
  unsigned IsInstance = 0;
  if (const auto *MD = dyn_cast<CXXMethodDecl>(FD);
      MD && MD->isInstance() && !isa<CXXConstructorDecl>(FD)) {
    IsInstance = 1;
    // std::unique_ptr::release() transfers ownership.
    // Treat it as a move to prevent false-positive warnings when the unique_ptr
    // destructor runs after ownership has been transferred.
    if (isUniquePtrRelease(*MD)) {
      const Expr *UniquePtrExpr = Args[0];
      OriginList *MovedOrigins = getOriginsList(*UniquePtrExpr);
      if (MovedOrigins)
        CurrentBlockFacts.push_back(FactMgr.createFact<MovedOriginFact>(
            UniquePtrExpr, MovedOrigins->getOuterOriginID()));
    }
  }
 
  // Skip 'this' arg as it cannot be moved.
  for (unsigned I = IsInstance;
       I < Args.size() && I < FD->getNumParams() + IsInstance; ++I) {
    const ParmVarDecl *PVD = FD->getParamDecl(I - IsInstance);
    if (!PVD->getType()->isRValueReferenceType())
      continue;
    // Skip lifetime annotated r-value reference parameters. Lifetime annotation
    // indicates that the parameter is borrowed (not consumed), so it should not
    // be marked as moved even though it's an r-value reference.
    if (PVD->hasAttr<LifetimeBoundAttr>() ||
        PVD->hasAttr<LifetimeCaptureByAttr>())
      continue;
    const Expr *Arg = Args[I];
    OriginList *MovedOrigins = getOriginsList(*Arg);
    assert(MovedOrigins->getLength() >= 1 &&
           "unexpected length for r-value reference param");
    // Arg is being moved to this parameter. Mark the origin as moved.
    CurrentBlockFacts.push_back(FactMgr.createFact<MovedOriginFact>(
        Arg, MovedOrigins->getOuterOriginID()));
  }
}
 
void FactsGenerator::handleInvalidatingCall(const Expr *Call,
                                            const FunctionDecl *FD,
                                            ArrayRef<const Expr *> Args) {
  const auto *MD = dyn_cast<CXXMethodDecl>(FD);
  if (!MD || !MD->isInstance())
    return;
 
  if (!isInvalidationMethod(*MD))
    return;
 
  // Heuristics to turn-down false positives. Skip member field expressions for
  // now. This is not a perfect filter and will still surface some false
  // positives (e.g. `auto& r = s.v`).
  if (!isa<DeclRefExpr>(Args[0]->IgnoreImpCasts()))
    return;
 
  OriginList *ThisList = getOriginsList(*Args[0]);
  if (ThisList)
    CurrentBlockFacts.push_back(FactMgr.createFact<InvalidateOriginFact>(
        ThisList->getOuterOriginID(), Call));
}
 
void FactsGenerator::handleDestructiveCall(const Expr *Call,
                                           const FunctionDecl *FD,
                                           ArrayRef<const Expr *> Args) {
  if (!destructsFirstArg(*FD))
    return;
  OriginList *ArgList = getOriginsList(*Args[0]);
  if (ArgList)
    CurrentBlockFacts.push_back(FactMgr.createFact<InvalidateOriginFact>(
        ArgList->getOuterOriginID(), Call));
}
 
void FactsGenerator::handleImplicitObjectFieldUses(const Expr *Call,
                                                   const FunctionDecl *FD) {
  const auto *MemberCall = dyn_cast_or_null<CXXMemberCallExpr>(Call);
  if (!MemberCall)
    return;
 
  if (!isa_and_present<CXXThisExpr>(
          MemberCall->getImplicitObjectArgument()->IgnoreImpCasts()))
    return;
 
  const auto *MD = dyn_cast<CXXMethodDecl>(FD);
  assert(MD && "Function must be a CXXMethodDecl for member calls");
 
  const auto *ClassDecl = MD->getParent()->getDefinition();
  if (!ClassDecl)
    return;
 
  const auto UseFields = [&](const CXXRecordDecl *RD) {
    for (const auto *Field : RD->fields())
      if (auto *FieldList = getOriginsList(*Field))
        CurrentBlockFacts.push_back(
            FactMgr.createFact<UseFact>(Call, FieldList));
  };
 
  UseFields(ClassDecl);
 
  ClassDecl->forallBases([&](const CXXRecordDecl *Base) {
    UseFields(Base);
    return true;
  });
}
 
void FactsGenerator::handleLifetimeCaptureBy(const FunctionDecl *FD,
                                             ArrayRef<const Expr *> Args) {
  if (Args.empty())
    return;
  // FIXME: Add support for capture_by on constructors.
  if (isa<CXXConstructorDecl>(FD))
    return;
  const auto *Method = dyn_cast<CXXMethodDecl>(FD);
  bool IsInstance =
      Method && Method->isInstance() && !isa<CXXConstructorDecl>(FD);
  auto getArgCaptureBy = [FD,
                          IsInstance](unsigned I) -> LifetimeCaptureByAttr * {
    const ParmVarDecl *PVD = nullptr;
    if (IsInstance) {
      // FIXME: Add support for I == 0 i.e. capture_by on function declarations
      if (I > 0 && I - 1 < FD->getNumParams())
        PVD = FD->getParamDecl(I - 1);
    } else {
      if (I < FD->getNumParams())
        PVD = FD->getParamDecl(I);
    }
    return PVD ? PVD->getAttr<LifetimeCaptureByAttr>() : nullptr;
  };
  for (unsigned I = 0; I < Args.size(); ++I) {
    const LifetimeCaptureByAttr *Attr = getArgCaptureBy(I);
    if (!Attr)
      continue;
    OriginList *CapturedOriginList = getOriginsList(*Args[I]);
    if (!CapturedOriginList)
      continue;
    if (!CapturedOriginList)
      continue;
    for (int CapturingArgIdx : Attr->params()) {
      // FIXME: Add support for capturing to Global/unknown.
      if (CapturingArgIdx == LifetimeCaptureByAttr::Global ||
          CapturingArgIdx == LifetimeCaptureByAttr::Unknown ||
          CapturingArgIdx == LifetimeCaptureByAttr::Invalid)
        continue;
      ArrayRef<const Expr *> CallArgs = IsInstance ? Args.drop_front() : Args;
      const Expr *CapturedByArg =
          (CapturingArgIdx == LifetimeCaptureByAttr::This)
              ? Args[0]
              : CallArgs[CapturingArgIdx];
      assert(CapturedByArg && "Capturer expression must be valid");
 
      OriginList *CapturingOriginList = getOriginsList(*CapturedByArg);
      OriginList *Dest = getRValueOrigins(CapturedByArg, CapturingOriginList);
      if (!Dest)
        continue;
      // KillDest=false because we cannot know if previous captures are being
      // replaced or accumulated. Multiple successive captures into the same
      // destination must all be tracked, so captured lifetimes are always
      // merged.
      CurrentBlockFacts.push_back(FactMgr.createFact<OriginFlowFact>(
          Dest->getOuterOriginID(), CapturedOriginList->getOuterOriginID(),
          /*KillDest=*/false));
    }
  }
}
 
void FactsGenerator::handleFunctionCall(const Expr *Call,
                                        const FunctionDecl *FD,
                                        ArrayRef<const Expr *> Args,
                                        bool IsGslConstruction) {
  OriginList *CallList = getOriginsList(*Call);
  // Ignore functions returning values with no origin.
  FD = getDeclWithMergedLifetimeBoundAttrs(FD);
  if (!FD)
    return;
  // All arguments to a function are a use of the corresponding expressions.
  for (const Expr *Arg : Args)
    handleUse(Arg);
  handleInvalidatingCall(Call, FD, Args);
  handleDestructiveCall(Call, FD, Args);
  handleMovedArgsInCall(FD, Args);
  handleImplicitObjectFieldUses(Call, FD);
  handleLifetimeCaptureBy(FD, Args);
  if (!CallList)
    return;
  if (isStdReferenceCast(FD)) {
    assert(Args.size() == 1 &&
           "std reference cast builtins take exactly one argument");
    // std reference-cast functions like std::move return a result that refers
    // to the same object as the argument, so propagate the full origins.
    flow(CallList, getOriginsList(*Args[0]), /*Kill=*/true);
    return;
  }
  auto IsArgLifetimeBound = [FD, &Args](unsigned I) -> bool {
    const ParmVarDecl *PVD = nullptr;
    if (const auto *Method = dyn_cast<CXXMethodDecl>(FD);
        Method && Method->isInstance() && !isa<CXXConstructorDecl>(FD)) {
      if (I == 0)
        // For the 'this' argument, the attribute is on the method itself.
        return implicitObjectParamIsLifetimeBound(Method) ||
               shouldTrackImplicitObjectArg(
                   *Args[0], Method, /*RunningUnderLifetimeSafety=*/true);
      if ((I - 1) < Method->getNumParams())
        // For explicit arguments, find the corresponding parameter
        // declaration.
        PVD = Method->getParamDecl(I - 1);
    } else if (I == 0 && shouldTrackFirstArgument(FD)) {
      return true;
    } else if (I == 1 && shouldTrackSecondArgument(FD)) {
      return true;
    } else if (I < FD->getNumParams()) {
      // For free functions or static methods.
      PVD = FD->getParamDecl(I);
    }
    return PVD ? PVD->hasAttr<clang::LifetimeBoundAttr>() : false;
  };
  auto shouldTrackPointerImplicitObjectArg = [FD, &Args](unsigned I) -> bool {
    const auto *Method = dyn_cast<CXXMethodDecl>(FD);
    if (!Method || !Method->isInstance())
      return false;
    return I == 0 &&
           isGslPointerType(Method->getFunctionObjectParameterType()) &&
           shouldTrackImplicitObjectArg(*Args[0], Method,
                                        /*RunningUnderLifetimeSafety=*/true);
  };
  if (Args.empty())
    return;
  bool KillSrc = true;
  for (unsigned I = 0; I < Args.size(); ++I) {
    OriginList *ArgList = getOriginsList(*Args[I]);
    if (!ArgList)
      continue;
    if (IsGslConstruction) {
      // TODO: document with code example.
      // std::string_view(const std::string_view& from)
      if (isGslPointerType(Args[I]->getType())) {
        assert(!Args[I]->isGLValue() || ArgList->getLength() >= 2);
        ArgList = getRValueOrigins(Args[I], ArgList);
      }
      if (isGslOwnerType(Args[I]->getType())) {
        // The constructed gsl::Pointer borrows from the Owner's storage, not
        // from what the Owner itself borrows, so only the outermost origin is
        // needed.
        CurrentBlockFacts.push_back(FactMgr.createFact<OriginFlowFact>(
            CallList->getOuterOriginID(), ArgList->getOuterOriginID(),
            KillSrc));
        KillSrc = false;
      } else if (IsArgLifetimeBound(I)) {
        // Only flow the outer origin here. For lifetimebound args in
        // gsl::Pointer construction, we do not have enough information to
        // safely match inner origins, so the source and
        // destination origin lists may have different lengths.
        // FIXME: Handle origin-shape mismatches gracefully so we can also flow
        // inner origins.
        CurrentBlockFacts.push_back(FactMgr.createFact<OriginFlowFact>(
            CallList->getOuterOriginID(), ArgList->getOuterOriginID(),
            KillSrc));
        KillSrc = false;
      }
    } else if (shouldTrackPointerImplicitObjectArg(I)) {
      assert(ArgList->getLength() >= 2 &&
             "Object arg of pointer type should have at least two origins");
      // See through the GSLPointer reference to see the pointer's value.
      CurrentBlockFacts.push_back(FactMgr.createFact<OriginFlowFact>(
          CallList->getOuterOriginID(),
          ArgList->peelOuterOrigin()->getOuterOriginID(), KillSrc));
      KillSrc = false;
    } else if (IsArgLifetimeBound(I)) {
      // Lifetimebound on a non-GSL-ctor function means the returned
      // pointer/reference itself must not outlive the arguments. This
      // only constrains the top-level origin.
      CurrentBlockFacts.push_back(FactMgr.createFact<OriginFlowFact>(
          CallList->getOuterOriginID(), ArgList->getOuterOriginID(), KillSrc));
      KillSrc = false;
    }
  }
}
 
/// Checks if the expression is a `void("__lifetime_test_point_...")` cast.
/// If so, creates a `TestPointFact` and returns true.
bool FactsGenerator::handleTestPoint(const CXXFunctionalCastExpr *FCE) {
  if (!FCE->getType()->isVoidType())
    return false;
 
  const auto *SubExpr = FCE->getSubExpr()->IgnoreParenImpCasts();
  if (const auto *SL = dyn_cast<StringLiteral>(SubExpr)) {
    llvm::StringRef LiteralValue = SL->getString();
    const std::string Prefix = "__lifetime_test_point_";
 
    if (LiteralValue.starts_with(Prefix)) {
      StringRef Annotation = LiteralValue.drop_front(Prefix.length());
      CurrentBlockFacts.push_back(
          FactMgr.createFact<TestPointFact>(Annotation));
      return true;
    }
  }
  return false;
}
 
void FactsGenerator::handleUse(const Expr *E) {
  OriginList *List = getOriginsList(*E);
  if (!List)
    return;
  // For DeclRefExpr: Remove the outer layer of origin which borrows from the
  // decl directly (e.g., when this is not a reference). This is a use of the
  // underlying decl.
  if (auto *DRE = dyn_cast<DeclRefExpr>(E);
      DRE && !DRE->getDecl()->getType()->isReferenceType())
    List = getRValueOrigins(DRE, List);
  // Skip if there is no inner origin (e.g., when it is not a pointer type).
  if (!List)
    return;
  if (!UseFacts.contains(E)) {
    UseFact *UF = FactMgr.createFact<UseFact>(E, List);
    CurrentBlockFacts.push_back(UF);
    UseFacts[E] = UF;
  }
}
 
void FactsGenerator::markUseAsWrite(const DeclRefExpr *DRE) {
  if (UseFacts.contains(DRE))
    UseFacts[DRE]->markAsWritten();
}
 
// Creates an IssueFact for a new placeholder loan for each pointer or reference
// parameter at the function's entry.
llvm::SmallVector<Fact *> FactsGenerator::issuePlaceholderLoans() {
  const auto *FD = dyn_cast<FunctionDecl>(AC.getDecl());
  if (!FD)
    return {};
 
  llvm::SmallVector<Fact *> PlaceholderLoanFacts;
  if (auto ThisOrigins = FactMgr.getOriginMgr().getThisOrigins()) {
    OriginList *List = *ThisOrigins;
    const Loan *L = FactMgr.getLoanMgr().createLoan(
        AccessPath::Placeholder(cast<CXXMethodDecl>(FD)),
        /*IssuingExpr=*/nullptr);
    PlaceholderLoanFacts.push_back(
        FactMgr.createFact<IssueFact>(L->getID(), List->getOuterOriginID()));
  }
  for (const ParmVarDecl *PVD : FD->parameters()) {
    OriginList *List = getOriginsList(*PVD);
    if (!List)
      continue;
    const Loan *L = FactMgr.getLoanMgr().createLoan(
        AccessPath::Placeholder(PVD), /*IssuingExpr=*/nullptr);
    PlaceholderLoanFacts.push_back(
        FactMgr.createFact<IssueFact>(L->getID(), List->getOuterOriginID()));
  }
  return PlaceholderLoanFacts;
}
 
} // namespace clang::lifetimes::internal