ByteCodeExprGen.cpp

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//===--- ByteCodeExprGen.cpp - Code generator for expressions ---*- C++ -*-===//
//
// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
//
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
 
#include "ByteCodeExprGen.h"
#include "ByteCodeEmitter.h"
#include "ByteCodeGenError.h"
#include "ByteCodeStmtGen.h"
#include "Context.h"
#include "Floating.h"
#include "Function.h"
#include "PrimType.h"
#include "Program.h"
#include "State.h"
 
using namespace clang;
using namespace clang::interp;
 
using APSInt = llvm::APSInt;
 
namespace clang {
namespace interp {
 
/// Scope used to handle temporaries in toplevel variable declarations.
template <class Emitter> class DeclScope final : public LocalScope<Emitter> {
public:
  DeclScope(ByteCodeExprGen<Emitter> *Ctx, const ValueDecl *VD)
      : LocalScope<Emitter>(Ctx), Scope(Ctx->P, VD) {}
 
  void addExtended(const Scope::Local &Local) override {
    return this->addLocal(Local);
  }
 
private:
  Program::DeclScope Scope;
};
 
/// Scope used to handle initialization methods.
template <class Emitter> class OptionScope {
public:
  /// Root constructor, compiling or discarding primitives.
  OptionScope(ByteCodeExprGen<Emitter> *Ctx, bool NewDiscardResult)
      : Ctx(Ctx), OldDiscardResult(Ctx->DiscardResult) {
    Ctx->DiscardResult = NewDiscardResult;
  }
 
  ~OptionScope() { Ctx->DiscardResult = OldDiscardResult; }
 
private:
  /// Parent context.
  ByteCodeExprGen<Emitter> *Ctx;
  /// Old discard flag to restore.
  bool OldDiscardResult;
};
 
} // namespace interp
} // namespace clang
 
template <class Emitter>
bool ByteCodeExprGen<Emitter>::VisitCastExpr(const CastExpr *CE) {
  auto *SubExpr = CE->getSubExpr();
  switch (CE->getCastKind()) {
 
  case CK_LValueToRValue: {
    return dereference(
        CE->getSubExpr(), DerefKind::Read,
        [](PrimType) {
          // Value loaded - nothing to do here.
          return true;
        },
        [this, CE](PrimType T) {
          // Pointer on stack - dereference it.
          if (!this->emitLoadPop(T, CE))
            return false;
          return DiscardResult ? this->emitPop(T, CE) : true;
        });
  }
 
  case CK_UncheckedDerivedToBase:
  case CK_DerivedToBase: {
    if (!this->visit(SubExpr))
      return false;
 
    const CXXRecordDecl *FromDecl = getRecordDecl(SubExpr);
    assert(FromDecl);
    const CXXRecordDecl *ToDecl = getRecordDecl(CE);
    assert(ToDecl);
    const Record *R = getRecord(FromDecl);
    const Record::Base *ToBase = R->getBase(ToDecl);
    assert(ToBase);
 
    return this->emitGetPtrBasePop(ToBase->Offset, CE);
  }
 
  case CK_FloatingCast: {
    if (!this->visit(SubExpr))
      return false;
    const auto *TargetSemantics =
        &Ctx.getASTContext().getFloatTypeSemantics(CE->getType());
    return this->emitCastFP(TargetSemantics, getRoundingMode(CE), CE);
  }
 
  case CK_IntegralToFloating: {
    std::optional<PrimType> FromT = classify(SubExpr->getType());
    if (!FromT)
      return false;
 
    if (!this->visit(SubExpr))
      return false;
 
    const auto *TargetSemantics =
        &Ctx.getASTContext().getFloatTypeSemantics(CE->getType());
    llvm::RoundingMode RM = getRoundingMode(CE);
    return this->emitCastIntegralFloating(*FromT, TargetSemantics, RM, CE);
  }
 
  case CK_FloatingToBoolean:
  case CK_FloatingToIntegral: {
    std::optional<PrimType> ToT = classify(CE->getType());
 
    if (!ToT)
      return false;
 
    if (!this->visit(SubExpr))
      return false;
 
    return this->emitCastFloatingIntegral(*ToT, CE);
  }
 
  case CK_ArrayToPointerDecay:
  case CK_AtomicToNonAtomic:
  case CK_ConstructorConversion:
  case CK_FunctionToPointerDecay:
  case CK_NonAtomicToAtomic:
  case CK_NoOp:
  case CK_UserDefinedConversion:
  case CK_NullToPointer:
    return this->visit(SubExpr);
 
  case CK_IntegralToBoolean:
  case CK_IntegralCast: {
    std::optional<PrimType> FromT = classify(SubExpr->getType());
    std::optional<PrimType> ToT = classify(CE->getType());
    if (!FromT || !ToT)
      return false;
 
    if (!this->visit(SubExpr))
      return false;
 
    // TODO: Emit this only if FromT != ToT.
    return this->emitCast(*FromT, *ToT, CE);
  }
 
  case CK_ToVoid:
    return discard(SubExpr);
 
  default:
    assert(false && "Cast not implemented");
  }
  llvm_unreachable("Unhandled clang::CastKind enum");
}
 
template <class Emitter>
bool ByteCodeExprGen<Emitter>::VisitIntegerLiteral(const IntegerLiteral *LE) {
  if (DiscardResult)
    return true;
 
  return this->emitConst(LE->getValue(), LE);
}
 
template <class Emitter>
bool ByteCodeExprGen<Emitter>::VisitFloatingLiteral(const FloatingLiteral *E) {
  if (DiscardResult)
    return true;
 
  return this->emitConstFloat(E->getValue(), E);
}
 
template <class Emitter>
bool ByteCodeExprGen<Emitter>::VisitParenExpr(const ParenExpr *PE) {
  return this->visit(PE->getSubExpr());
}
 
template <class Emitter>
bool ByteCodeExprGen<Emitter>::VisitBinaryOperator(const BinaryOperator *BO) {
  // Need short-circuiting for these.
  if (BO->isLogicalOp())
    return this->VisitLogicalBinOp(BO);
 
  const Expr *LHS = BO->getLHS();
  const Expr *RHS = BO->getRHS();
 
  // Deal with operations which have composite or void types.
  switch (BO->getOpcode()) {
  case BO_Comma:
    if (!discard(LHS))
      return false;
    if (!this->visit(RHS))
      return false;
    return true;
  default:
    break;
  }
 
  // Typecheck the args.
  std::optional<PrimType> LT = classify(LHS->getType());
  std::optional<PrimType> RT = classify(RHS->getType());
  std::optional<PrimType> T = classify(BO->getType());
  if (!LT || !RT || !T) {
    return this->bail(BO);
  }
 
  auto Discard = [this, T, BO](bool Result) {
    if (!Result)
      return false;
    return DiscardResult ? this->emitPop(*T, BO) : true;
  };
 
  // Pointer arithmetic special case.
  if (BO->getOpcode() == BO_Add || BO->getOpcode() == BO_Sub) {
    if (*T == PT_Ptr || (*LT == PT_Ptr && *RT == PT_Ptr))
      return this->VisitPointerArithBinOp(BO);
  }
 
  if (!visit(LHS) || !visit(RHS))
    return false;
 
  switch (BO->getOpcode()) {
  case BO_EQ:
    return Discard(this->emitEQ(*LT, BO));
  case BO_NE:
    return Discard(this->emitNE(*LT, BO));
  case BO_LT:
    return Discard(this->emitLT(*LT, BO));
  case BO_LE:
    return Discard(this->emitLE(*LT, BO));
  case BO_GT:
    return Discard(this->emitGT(*LT, BO));
  case BO_GE:
    return Discard(this->emitGE(*LT, BO));
  case BO_Sub:
    if (BO->getType()->isFloatingType())
      return Discard(this->emitSubf(getRoundingMode(BO), BO));
    return Discard(this->emitSub(*T, BO));
  case BO_Add:
    if (BO->getType()->isFloatingType())
      return Discard(this->emitAddf(getRoundingMode(BO), BO));
    return Discard(this->emitAdd(*T, BO));
  case BO_Mul:
    if (BO->getType()->isFloatingType())
      return Discard(this->emitMulf(getRoundingMode(BO), BO));
    return Discard(this->emitMul(*T, BO));
  case BO_Rem:
    return Discard(this->emitRem(*T, BO));
  case BO_Div:
    if (BO->getType()->isFloatingType())
      return Discard(this->emitDivf(getRoundingMode(BO), BO));
    return Discard(this->emitDiv(*T, BO));
  case BO_Assign:
    if (DiscardResult)
      return this->emitStorePop(*T, BO);
    return this->emitStore(*T, BO);
  case BO_And:
    return Discard(this->emitBitAnd(*T, BO));
  case BO_Or:
    return Discard(this->emitBitOr(*T, BO));
  case BO_Shl:
    return Discard(this->emitShl(*LT, *RT, BO));
  case BO_Shr:
    return Discard(this->emitShr(*LT, *RT, BO));
  case BO_Xor:
    return Discard(this->emitBitXor(*T, BO));
  case BO_LOr:
  case BO_LAnd:
    llvm_unreachable("Already handled earlier");
  default:
    return this->bail(BO);
  }
 
  llvm_unreachable("Unhandled binary op");
}
 
/// Perform addition/subtraction of a pointer and an integer or
/// subtraction of two pointers.
template <class Emitter>
bool ByteCodeExprGen<Emitter>::VisitPointerArithBinOp(const BinaryOperator *E) {
  BinaryOperatorKind Op = E->getOpcode();
  const Expr *LHS = E->getLHS();
  const Expr *RHS = E->getRHS();
 
  if ((Op != BO_Add && Op != BO_Sub) ||
      (!LHS->getType()->isPointerType() && !RHS->getType()->isPointerType()))
    return false;
 
  std::optional<PrimType> LT = classify(LHS);
  std::optional<PrimType> RT = classify(RHS);
 
  if (!LT || !RT)
    return false;
 
  if (LHS->getType()->isPointerType() && RHS->getType()->isPointerType()) {
    if (Op != BO_Sub)
      return false;
 
    assert(E->getType()->isIntegerType());
    if (!visit(RHS) || !visit(LHS))
      return false;
 
    return this->emitSubPtr(classifyPrim(E->getType()), E);
  }
 
  PrimType OffsetType;
  if (LHS->getType()->isIntegerType()) {
    if (!visit(RHS) || !visit(LHS))
      return false;
    OffsetType = *LT;
  } else if (RHS->getType()->isIntegerType()) {
    if (!visit(LHS) || !visit(RHS))
      return false;
    OffsetType = *RT;
  } else {
    return false;
  }
 
  if (Op == BO_Add)
    return this->emitAddOffset(OffsetType, E);
  else if (Op == BO_Sub)
    return this->emitSubOffset(OffsetType, E);
 
  return this->bail(E);
}
 
template <class Emitter>
bool ByteCodeExprGen<Emitter>::VisitLogicalBinOp(const BinaryOperator *E) {
  assert(E->isLogicalOp());
  BinaryOperatorKind Op = E->getOpcode();
  const Expr *LHS = E->getLHS();
  const Expr *RHS = E->getRHS();
 
  if (Op == BO_LOr) {
    // Logical OR. Visit LHS and only evaluate RHS if LHS was FALSE.
    LabelTy LabelTrue = this->getLabel();
    LabelTy LabelEnd = this->getLabel();
 
    if (!this->visit(LHS))
      return false;
    if (!this->jumpTrue(LabelTrue))
      return false;
 
    if (!this->visit(RHS))
      return false;
    if (!this->jump(LabelEnd))
      return false;
 
    this->emitLabel(LabelTrue);
    this->emitConstBool(true, E);
    this->fallthrough(LabelEnd);
    this->emitLabel(LabelEnd);
 
    if (DiscardResult)
      return this->emitPopBool(E);
 
    return true;
  }
 
  // Logical AND.
  // Visit LHS. Only visit RHS if LHS was TRUE.
  LabelTy LabelFalse = this->getLabel();
  LabelTy LabelEnd = this->getLabel();
 
  if (!this->visit(LHS))
    return false;
  if (!this->jumpFalse(LabelFalse))
    return false;
 
  if (!this->visit(RHS))
    return false;
  if (!this->jump(LabelEnd))
    return false;
 
  this->emitLabel(LabelFalse);
  this->emitConstBool(false, E);
  this->fallthrough(LabelEnd);
  this->emitLabel(LabelEnd);
 
  if (DiscardResult)
    return this->emitPopBool(E);
 
  return true;
}
 
template <class Emitter>
bool ByteCodeExprGen<Emitter>::VisitImplicitValueInitExpr(const ImplicitValueInitExpr *E) {
  std::optional<PrimType> T = classify(E);
 
  if (!T)
    return false;
 
  if (E->getType()->isPointerType())
    return this->emitNullPtr(E);
 
  return this->emitZero(*T, E);
}
 
template <class Emitter>
bool ByteCodeExprGen<Emitter>::VisitArraySubscriptExpr(
    const ArraySubscriptExpr *E) {
  const Expr *Base = E->getBase();
  const Expr *Index = E->getIdx();
  PrimType IndexT = classifyPrim(Index->getType());
 
  // Take pointer of LHS, add offset from RHS.
  // What's left on the stack after this is a pointer.
  if (!this->visit(Base))
    return false;
 
  if (!this->visit(Index))
    return false;
 
  if (!this->emitArrayElemPtrPop(IndexT, E))
    return false;
 
  if (DiscardResult)
    return this->emitPopPtr(E);
 
  return true;
}
 
template <class Emitter>
bool ByteCodeExprGen<Emitter>::VisitInitListExpr(const InitListExpr *E) {
  for (const Expr *Init : E->inits()) {
    if (!this->visit(Init))
      return false;
  }
  return true;
}
 
template <class Emitter>
bool ByteCodeExprGen<Emitter>::VisitSubstNonTypeTemplateParmExpr(
    const SubstNonTypeTemplateParmExpr *E) {
  return this->visit(E->getReplacement());
}
 
template <class Emitter>
bool ByteCodeExprGen<Emitter>::VisitConstantExpr(const ConstantExpr *E) {
  // TODO: Check if the ConstantExpr already has a value set and if so,
  //   use that instead of evaluating it again.
  return this->visit(E->getSubExpr());
}
 
static CharUnits AlignOfType(QualType T, const ASTContext &ASTCtx,
                             UnaryExprOrTypeTrait Kind) {
  bool AlignOfReturnsPreferred =
      ASTCtx.getLangOpts().getClangABICompat() <= LangOptions::ClangABI::Ver7;
 
  // C++ [expr.alignof]p3:
  //     When alignof is applied to a reference type, the result is the
  //     alignment of the referenced type.
  if (const auto *Ref = T->getAs<ReferenceType>())
    T = Ref->getPointeeType();
 
  // __alignof is defined to return the preferred alignment.
  // Before 8, clang returned the preferred alignment for alignof and
  // _Alignof as well.
  if (Kind == UETT_PreferredAlignOf || AlignOfReturnsPreferred)
    return ASTCtx.toCharUnitsFromBits(ASTCtx.getPreferredTypeAlign(T));
 
  return ASTCtx.getTypeAlignInChars(T);
}
 
template <class Emitter>
bool ByteCodeExprGen<Emitter>::VisitUnaryExprOrTypeTraitExpr(
    const UnaryExprOrTypeTraitExpr *E) {
  UnaryExprOrTypeTrait Kind = E->getKind();
  ASTContext &ASTCtx = Ctx.getASTContext();
 
  if (Kind == UETT_SizeOf) {
    QualType ArgType = E->getTypeOfArgument();
    CharUnits Size;
    if (ArgType->isVoidType() || ArgType->isFunctionType())
      Size = CharUnits::One();
    else {
      if (ArgType->isDependentType() || !ArgType->isConstantSizeType())
        return false;
 
      Size = ASTCtx.getTypeSizeInChars(ArgType);
    }
 
    return this->emitConst(Size.getQuantity(), E);
  }
 
  if (Kind == UETT_AlignOf || Kind == UETT_PreferredAlignOf) {
    CharUnits Size;
 
    if (E->isArgumentType()) {
      QualType ArgType = E->getTypeOfArgument();
 
      Size = AlignOfType(ArgType, ASTCtx, Kind);
    } else {
      // Argument is an expression, not a type.
      const Expr *Arg = E->getArgumentExpr()->IgnoreParens();
 
      // The kinds of expressions that we have special-case logic here for
      // should be kept up to date with the special checks for those
      // expressions in Sema.
 
      // alignof decl is always accepted, even if it doesn't make sense: we
      // default to 1 in those cases.
      if (const auto *DRE = dyn_cast<DeclRefExpr>(Arg))
        Size = ASTCtx.getDeclAlign(DRE->getDecl(),
                                   /*RefAsPointee*/ true);
      else if (const auto *ME = dyn_cast<MemberExpr>(Arg))
        Size = ASTCtx.getDeclAlign(ME->getMemberDecl(),
                                   /*RefAsPointee*/ true);
      else
        Size = AlignOfType(Arg->getType(), ASTCtx, Kind);
    }
 
    return this->emitConst(Size.getQuantity(), E);
  }
 
  return false;
}
 
template <class Emitter>
bool ByteCodeExprGen<Emitter>::VisitMemberExpr(const MemberExpr *E) {
  if (DiscardResult)
    return true;
 
  // 'Base.Member'
  const Expr *Base = E->getBase();
  const ValueDecl *Member = E->getMemberDecl();
 
  if (!this->visit(Base))
    return false;
 
  // Base above gives us a pointer on the stack.
  // TODO: Implement non-FieldDecl members.
  if (const auto *FD = dyn_cast<FieldDecl>(Member)) {
    const RecordDecl *RD = FD->getParent();
    const Record *R = getRecord(RD);
    const Record::Field *F = R->getField(FD);
    // Leave a pointer to the field on the stack.
    if (F->Decl->getType()->isReferenceType())
      return this->emitGetFieldPop(PT_Ptr, F->Offset, E);
    return this->emitGetPtrField(F->Offset, E);
  }
 
  return false;
}
 
template <class Emitter>
bool ByteCodeExprGen<Emitter>::VisitArrayInitIndexExpr(
    const ArrayInitIndexExpr *E) {
  // ArrayIndex might not be set if a ArrayInitIndexExpr is being evaluated
  // stand-alone, e.g. via EvaluateAsInt().
  if (!ArrayIndex)
    return false;
  return this->emitConst(*ArrayIndex, E);
}
 
template <class Emitter>
bool ByteCodeExprGen<Emitter>::VisitOpaqueValueExpr(const OpaqueValueExpr *E) {
  return this->visit(E->getSourceExpr());
}
 
template <class Emitter>
bool ByteCodeExprGen<Emitter>::VisitAbstractConditionalOperator(
    const AbstractConditionalOperator *E) {
  const Expr *Condition = E->getCond();
  const Expr *TrueExpr = E->getTrueExpr();
  const Expr *FalseExpr = E->getFalseExpr();
 
  LabelTy LabelEnd = this->getLabel();   // Label after the operator.
  LabelTy LabelFalse = this->getLabel(); // Label for the false expr.
 
  if (!this->visit(Condition))
    return false;
  if (!this->jumpFalse(LabelFalse))
    return false;
 
  if (!this->visit(TrueExpr))
    return false;
  if (!this->jump(LabelEnd))
    return false;
 
  this->emitLabel(LabelFalse);
 
  if (!this->visit(FalseExpr))
    return false;
 
  this->fallthrough(LabelEnd);
  this->emitLabel(LabelEnd);
 
  return true;
}
 
template <class Emitter>
bool ByteCodeExprGen<Emitter>::VisitStringLiteral(const StringLiteral *E) {
  unsigned StringIndex = P.createGlobalString(E);
  return this->emitGetPtrGlobal(StringIndex, E);
}
 
template <class Emitter>
bool ByteCodeExprGen<Emitter>::VisitCharacterLiteral(
    const CharacterLiteral *E) {
  return this->emitConst(E->getValue(), E);
}
 
template <class Emitter>
bool ByteCodeExprGen<Emitter>::VisitFloatCompoundAssignOperator(
    const CompoundAssignOperator *E) {
  assert(E->getType()->isFloatingType());
 
  const Expr *LHS = E->getLHS();
  const Expr *RHS = E->getRHS();
  llvm::RoundingMode RM = getRoundingMode(E);
  QualType LHSComputationType = E->getComputationLHSType();
  QualType ResultType = E->getComputationResultType();
  std::optional<PrimType> LT = classify(LHSComputationType);
  std::optional<PrimType> RT = classify(ResultType);
 
  if (!LT || !RT)
    return false;
 
  // First, visit LHS.
  if (!visit(LHS))
    return false;
 
  if (!this->emitLoad(*LT, E))
    return false;
 
  // If necessary, convert LHS to its computation type.
  if (LHS->getType() != LHSComputationType) {
    const auto *TargetSemantics =
        &Ctx.getASTContext().getFloatTypeSemantics(LHSComputationType);
 
    if (!this->emitCastFP(TargetSemantics, RM, E))
      return false;
  }
 
  // Now load RHS.
  if (!visit(RHS))
    return false;
 
  switch (E->getOpcode()) {
  case BO_AddAssign:
    if (!this->emitAddf(RM, E))
      return false;
    break;
  case BO_SubAssign:
    if (!this->emitSubf(RM, E))
      return false;
    break;
  case BO_MulAssign:
    if (!this->emitMulf(RM, E))
      return false;
    break;
  case BO_DivAssign:
    if (!this->emitDivf(RM, E))
      return false;
    break;
  default:
    return false;
  }
 
  // If necessary, convert result to LHS's type.
  if (LHS->getType() != ResultType) {
    const auto *TargetSemantics =
        &Ctx.getASTContext().getFloatTypeSemantics(LHS->getType());
 
    if (!this->emitCastFP(TargetSemantics, RM, E))
      return false;
  }
 
  if (DiscardResult)
    return this->emitStorePop(*LT, E);
  return this->emitStore(*LT, E);
}
 
template <class Emitter>
bool ByteCodeExprGen<Emitter>::VisitPointerCompoundAssignOperator(
    const CompoundAssignOperator *E) {
  BinaryOperatorKind Op = E->getOpcode();
  const Expr *LHS = E->getLHS();
  const Expr *RHS = E->getRHS();
  std::optional<PrimType> LT = classify(LHS->getType());
  std::optional<PrimType> RT = classify(RHS->getType());
 
  if (Op != BO_AddAssign && Op != BO_SubAssign)
    return false;
 
  if (!LT || !RT)
    return false;
  assert(*LT == PT_Ptr);
 
  if (!visit(LHS))
    return false;
 
  if (!this->emitLoadPtr(LHS))
    return false;
 
  if (!visit(RHS))
    return false;
 
  if (Op == BO_AddAssign)
    this->emitAddOffset(*RT, E);
  else
    this->emitSubOffset(*RT, E);
 
  if (DiscardResult)
    return this->emitStorePopPtr(E);
  return this->emitStorePtr(E);
}
 
template <class Emitter>
bool ByteCodeExprGen<Emitter>::VisitCompoundAssignOperator(
    const CompoundAssignOperator *E) {
 
  // Handle floating point operations separately here, since they
  // require special care.
  if (E->getType()->isFloatingType())
    return VisitFloatCompoundAssignOperator(E);
 
  if (E->getType()->isPointerType())
    return VisitPointerCompoundAssignOperator(E);
 
  const Expr *LHS = E->getLHS();
  const Expr *RHS = E->getRHS();
  std::optional<PrimType> LHSComputationT =
      classify(E->getComputationLHSType());
  std::optional<PrimType> LT = classify(LHS->getType());
  std::optional<PrimType> RT = classify(E->getComputationResultType());
  std::optional<PrimType> ResultT = classify(E->getType());
 
  if (!LT || !RT || !ResultT || !LHSComputationT)
    return false;
 
  assert(!E->getType()->isPointerType() && "Handled above");
  assert(!E->getType()->isFloatingType() && "Handled above");
 
  // Get LHS pointer, load its value and get RHS value.
  if (!visit(LHS))
    return false;
  if (!this->emitLoad(*LT, E))
    return false;
  // If necessary, cast LHS to its computation type.
  if (*LT != *LHSComputationT) {
    if (!this->emitCast(*LT, *LHSComputationT, E))
      return false;
  }
 
  if (!visit(RHS))
    return false;
 
  // Perform operation.
  switch (E->getOpcode()) {
  case BO_AddAssign:
    if (!this->emitAdd(*LHSComputationT, E))
      return false;
    break;
  case BO_SubAssign:
    if (!this->emitSub(*LHSComputationT, E))
      return false;
    break;
  case BO_MulAssign:
    if (!this->emitMul(*LHSComputationT, E))
      return false;
    break;
  case BO_DivAssign:
    if (!this->emitDiv(*LHSComputationT, E))
      return false;
    break;
  case BO_RemAssign:
    if (!this->emitRem(*LHSComputationT, E))
      return false;
    break;
  case BO_ShlAssign:
    if (!this->emitShl(*LHSComputationT, *RT, E))
      return false;
    break;
  case BO_ShrAssign:
    if (!this->emitShr(*LHSComputationT, *RT, E))
      return false;
    break;
  case BO_AndAssign:
    if (!this->emitBitAnd(*LHSComputationT, E))
      return false;
    break;
  case BO_XorAssign:
    if (!this->emitBitXor(*LHSComputationT, E))
      return false;
    break;
  case BO_OrAssign:
    if (!this->emitBitOr(*LHSComputationT, E))
      return false;
    break;
  default:
    llvm_unreachable("Unimplemented compound assign operator");
  }
 
  // And now cast from LHSComputationT to ResultT.
  if (*ResultT != *LHSComputationT) {
    if (!this->emitCast(*LHSComputationT, *ResultT, E))
      return false;
  }
 
  // And store the result in LHS.
  if (DiscardResult)
    return this->emitStorePop(*ResultT, E);
  return this->emitStore(*ResultT, E);
}
 
template <class Emitter>
bool ByteCodeExprGen<Emitter>::VisitExprWithCleanups(
    const ExprWithCleanups *E) {
  const Expr *SubExpr = E->getSubExpr();
 
  assert(E->getNumObjects() == 0 && "TODO: Implement cleanups");
  if (!this->visit(SubExpr))
    return false;
 
  if (DiscardResult)
    return this->emitPopPtr(E);
  return true;
}
 
template <class Emitter>
bool ByteCodeExprGen<Emitter>::VisitMaterializeTemporaryExpr(
    const MaterializeTemporaryExpr *E) {
  const Expr *SubExpr = E->getSubExpr();
  std::optional<PrimType> SubExprT = classify(SubExpr);
 
  if (E->getStorageDuration() == SD_Static) {
    if (std::optional<unsigned> GlobalIndex = P.createGlobal(E)) {
      const LifetimeExtendedTemporaryDecl *TempDecl =
          E->getLifetimeExtendedTemporaryDecl();
 
      if (!this->visitInitializer(SubExpr))
        return false;
 
      if (!this->emitInitGlobalTemp(*SubExprT, *GlobalIndex, TempDecl, E))
        return false;
      return this->emitGetPtrGlobal(*GlobalIndex, E);
    }
 
    return false;
  }
 
  // For everyhing else, use local variables.
  if (SubExprT) {
    if (std::optional<unsigned> LocalIndex = allocateLocalPrimitive(
            SubExpr, *SubExprT, /*IsMutable=*/true, /*IsExtended=*/true)) {
      if (!this->visitInitializer(SubExpr))
        return false;
      this->emitSetLocal(*SubExprT, *LocalIndex, E);
      return this->emitGetPtrLocal(*LocalIndex, E);
    }
  } else {
    if (std::optional<unsigned> LocalIndex =
            allocateLocal(SubExpr, /*IsExtended=*/true)) {
      if (!this->emitGetPtrLocal(*LocalIndex, E))
        return false;
      return this->visitInitializer(SubExpr);
    }
  }
  return false;
}
 
template <class Emitter>
bool ByteCodeExprGen<Emitter>::VisitCompoundLiteralExpr(
    const CompoundLiteralExpr *E) {
  std::optional<PrimType> T = classify(E->getType());
  const Expr *Init = E->getInitializer();
  if (E->isFileScope()) {
    if (std::optional<unsigned> GlobalIndex = P.createGlobal(E)) {
      if (classify(E->getType()))
        return this->visit(Init);
      if (!this->emitGetPtrGlobal(*GlobalIndex, E))
        return false;
      return this->visitInitializer(Init);
    }
  }
 
  // Otherwise, use a local variable.
  if (T) {
    // For primitive types, we just visit the initializer.
    return this->visit(Init);
  } else {
    if (std::optional<unsigned> LocalIndex = allocateLocal(Init)) {
      if (!this->emitGetPtrLocal(*LocalIndex, E))
        return false;
      return this->visitInitializer(Init);
    }
  }
 
  return false;
}
 
template <class Emitter> bool ByteCodeExprGen<Emitter>::discard(const Expr *E) {
  if (E->containsErrors())
    return false;
 
  OptionScope<Emitter> Scope(this, /*NewDiscardResult=*/true);
  return this->Visit(E);
}
 
template <class Emitter>
bool ByteCodeExprGen<Emitter>::visit(const Expr *E) {
  if (E->containsErrors())
    return false;
 
  OptionScope<Emitter> Scope(this, /*NewDiscardResult=*/false);
  return this->Visit(E);
}
 
template <class Emitter>
bool ByteCodeExprGen<Emitter>::visitBool(const Expr *E) {
  if (std::optional<PrimType> T = classify(E->getType())) {
    return visit(E);
  } else {
    return this->bail(E);
  }
}
 
template <class Emitter>
bool ByteCodeExprGen<Emitter>::visitZeroInitializer(PrimType T, const Expr *E) {
  switch (T) {
  case PT_Bool:
    return this->emitZeroBool(E);
  case PT_Sint8:
    return this->emitZeroSint8(E);
  case PT_Uint8:
    return this->emitZeroUint8(E);
  case PT_Sint16:
    return this->emitZeroSint16(E);
  case PT_Uint16:
    return this->emitZeroUint16(E);
  case PT_Sint32:
    return this->emitZeroSint32(E);
  case PT_Uint32:
    return this->emitZeroUint32(E);
  case PT_Sint64:
    return this->emitZeroSint64(E);
  case PT_Uint64:
    return this->emitZeroUint64(E);
  case PT_Ptr:
    return this->emitNullPtr(E);
  case PT_Float:
    assert(false);
  }
  llvm_unreachable("unknown primitive type");
}
 
template <class Emitter>
bool ByteCodeExprGen<Emitter>::dereference(
    const Expr *LV, DerefKind AK, llvm::function_ref<bool(PrimType)> Direct,
    llvm::function_ref<bool(PrimType)> Indirect) {
  if (std::optional<PrimType> T = classify(LV->getType())) {
    if (!LV->refersToBitField()) {
      // Only primitive, non bit-field types can be dereferenced directly.
      if (const auto *DE = dyn_cast<DeclRefExpr>(LV)) {
        if (!DE->getDecl()->getType()->isReferenceType()) {
          if (const auto *PD = dyn_cast<ParmVarDecl>(DE->getDecl()))
            return dereferenceParam(LV, *T, PD, AK, Direct, Indirect);
          if (const auto *VD = dyn_cast<VarDecl>(DE->getDecl()))
            return dereferenceVar(LV, *T, VD, AK, Direct, Indirect);
        }
      }
    }
 
    if (!visit(LV))
      return false;
    return Indirect(*T);
  }
 
  return false;
}
 
template <class Emitter>
bool ByteCodeExprGen<Emitter>::dereferenceParam(
    const Expr *LV, PrimType T, const ParmVarDecl *PD, DerefKind AK,
    llvm::function_ref<bool(PrimType)> Direct,
    llvm::function_ref<bool(PrimType)> Indirect) {
  auto It = this->Params.find(PD);
  if (It != this->Params.end()) {
    unsigned Idx = It->second;
    switch (AK) {
    case DerefKind::Read:
      return DiscardResult ? true : this->emitGetParam(T, Idx, LV);
 
    case DerefKind::Write:
      if (!Direct(T))
        return false;
      if (!this->emitSetParam(T, Idx, LV))
        return false;
      return DiscardResult ? true : this->emitGetPtrParam(Idx, LV);
 
    case DerefKind::ReadWrite:
      if (!this->emitGetParam(T, Idx, LV))
        return false;
      if (!Direct(T))
        return false;
      if (!this->emitSetParam(T, Idx, LV))
        return false;
      return DiscardResult ? true : this->emitGetPtrParam(Idx, LV);
    }
    return true;
  }
 
  // If the param is a pointer, we can dereference a dummy value.
  if (!DiscardResult && T == PT_Ptr && AK == DerefKind::Read) {
    if (auto Idx = P.getOrCreateDummy(PD))
      return this->emitGetPtrGlobal(*Idx, PD);
    return false;
  }
 
  // Value cannot be produced - try to emit pointer and do stuff with it.
  return visit(LV) && Indirect(T);
}
 
template <class Emitter>
bool ByteCodeExprGen<Emitter>::dereferenceVar(
    const Expr *LV, PrimType T, const VarDecl *VD, DerefKind AK,
    llvm::function_ref<bool(PrimType)> Direct,
    llvm::function_ref<bool(PrimType)> Indirect) {
  auto It = Locals.find(VD);
  if (It != Locals.end()) {
    const auto &L = It->second;
    switch (AK) {
    case DerefKind::Read:
      if (!this->emitGetLocal(T, L.Offset, LV))
        return false;
      return DiscardResult ? this->emitPop(T, LV) : true;
 
    case DerefKind::Write:
      if (!Direct(T))
        return false;
      if (!this->emitSetLocal(T, L.Offset, LV))
        return false;
      return DiscardResult ? true : this->emitGetPtrLocal(L.Offset, LV);
 
    case DerefKind::ReadWrite:
      if (!this->emitGetLocal(T, L.Offset, LV))
        return false;
      if (!Direct(T))
        return false;
      if (!this->emitSetLocal(T, L.Offset, LV))
        return false;
      return DiscardResult ? true : this->emitGetPtrLocal(L.Offset, LV);
    }
  } else if (auto Idx = P.getGlobal(VD)) {
    switch (AK) {
    case DerefKind::Read:
      if (!this->emitGetGlobal(T, *Idx, LV))
        return false;
      return DiscardResult ? this->emitPop(T, LV) : true;
 
    case DerefKind::Write:
      if (!Direct(T))
        return false;
      if (!this->emitSetGlobal(T, *Idx, LV))
        return false;
      return DiscardResult ? true : this->emitGetPtrGlobal(*Idx, LV);
 
    case DerefKind::ReadWrite:
      if (!this->emitGetGlobal(T, *Idx, LV))
        return false;
      if (!Direct(T))
        return false;
      if (!this->emitSetGlobal(T, *Idx, LV))
        return false;
      return DiscardResult ? true : this->emitGetPtrGlobal(*Idx, LV);
    }
  }
 
  // If the declaration is a constant value, emit it here even
  // though the declaration was not evaluated in the current scope.
  // The access mode can only be read in this case.
  if (!DiscardResult && AK == DerefKind::Read) {
    if (VD->hasLocalStorage() && VD->hasInit() && !VD->isConstexpr()) {
      QualType VT = VD->getType();
      if (VT.isConstQualified() && VT->isFundamentalType())
        return this->visit(VD->getInit());
    }
  }
 
  // Value cannot be produced - try to emit pointer.
  return visit(LV) && Indirect(T);
}
 
template <class Emitter>
template <typename T>
bool ByteCodeExprGen<Emitter>::emitConst(T Value, const Expr *E) {
  switch (classifyPrim(E->getType())) {
  case PT_Sint8:
    return this->emitConstSint8(Value, E);
  case PT_Uint8:
    return this->emitConstUint8(Value, E);
  case PT_Sint16:
    return this->emitConstSint16(Value, E);
  case PT_Uint16:
    return this->emitConstUint16(Value, E);
  case PT_Sint32:
    return this->emitConstSint32(Value, E);
  case PT_Uint32:
    return this->emitConstUint32(Value, E);
  case PT_Sint64:
    return this->emitConstSint64(Value, E);
  case PT_Uint64:
    return this->emitConstUint64(Value, E);
  case PT_Bool:
    return this->emitConstBool(Value, E);
  case PT_Ptr:
  case PT_Float:
    llvm_unreachable("Invalid integral type");
    break;
  }
  llvm_unreachable("unknown primitive type");
}
 
template <class Emitter>
bool ByteCodeExprGen<Emitter>::emitConst(const APSInt &Value, const Expr *E) {
  if (Value.isSigned())
    return this->emitConst(Value.getSExtValue(), E);
  return this->emitConst(Value.getZExtValue(), E);
}
 
template <class Emitter>
unsigned ByteCodeExprGen<Emitter>::allocateLocalPrimitive(DeclTy &&Src,
                                                          PrimType Ty,
                                                          bool IsConst,
                                                          bool IsExtended) {
  // Make sure we don't accidentally register the same decl twice.
  if (const auto *VD =
          dyn_cast_if_present<ValueDecl>(Src.dyn_cast<const Decl *>())) {
    assert(!P.getGlobal(VD));
    assert(!Locals.contains(VD));
  }
 
  // FIXME: There are cases where Src.is<Expr*>() is wrong, e.g.
  //   (int){12} in C. Consider using Expr::isTemporaryObject() instead
  //   or isa<MaterializeTemporaryExpr>().
  Descriptor *D = P.createDescriptor(Src, Ty, Descriptor::InlineDescMD, IsConst,
                                     Src.is<const Expr *>());
  Scope::Local Local = this->createLocal(D);
  if (auto *VD = dyn_cast_if_present<ValueDecl>(Src.dyn_cast<const Decl *>()))
    Locals.insert({VD, Local});
  VarScope->add(Local, IsExtended);
  return Local.Offset;
}
 
template <class Emitter>
std::optional<unsigned>
ByteCodeExprGen<Emitter>::allocateLocal(DeclTy &&Src, bool IsExtended) {
  // Make sure we don't accidentally register the same decl twice.
  if (const auto *VD =
          dyn_cast_if_present<ValueDecl>(Src.dyn_cast<const Decl *>())) {
    assert(!P.getGlobal(VD));
    assert(!Locals.contains(VD));
  }
 
  QualType Ty;
  const ValueDecl *Key = nullptr;
  const Expr *Init = nullptr;
  bool IsTemporary = false;
  if (auto *VD = dyn_cast_if_present<ValueDecl>(Src.dyn_cast<const Decl *>())) {
    Key = VD;
    Ty = VD->getType();
 
    if (const auto *VarD = dyn_cast<VarDecl>(VD))
      Init = VarD->getInit();
  }
  if (auto *E = Src.dyn_cast<const Expr *>()) {
    IsTemporary = true;
    Ty = E->getType();
  }
 
  Descriptor *D = P.createDescriptor(
      Src, Ty.getTypePtr(), Descriptor::InlineDescMD, Ty.isConstQualified(),
      IsTemporary, /*IsMutable=*/false, Init);
  if (!D)
    return {};
 
  Scope::Local Local = this->createLocal(D);
  if (Key)
    Locals.insert({Key, Local});
  VarScope->add(Local, IsExtended);
  return Local.Offset;
}
 
// NB: When calling this function, we have a pointer to the
//   array-to-initialize on the stack.
template <class Emitter>
bool ByteCodeExprGen<Emitter>::visitArrayInitializer(const Expr *Initializer) {
  assert(Initializer->getType()->isArrayType());
 
  // TODO: Fillers?
  if (const auto *InitList = dyn_cast<InitListExpr>(Initializer)) {
    unsigned ElementIndex = 0;
    for (const Expr *Init : InitList->inits()) {
      if (std::optional<PrimType> T = classify(Init->getType())) {
        // Visit the primitive element like normal.
        if (!this->visit(Init))
          return false;
        if (!this->emitInitElem(*T, ElementIndex, Init))
          return false;
      } else {
        // Advance the pointer currently on the stack to the given
        // dimension.
        if (!this->emitConstUint32(ElementIndex, Init))
          return false;
        if (!this->emitArrayElemPtrUint32(Init))
          return false;
        if (!visitInitializer(Init))
          return false;
        if (!this->emitPopPtr(Init))
          return false;
      }
 
      ++ElementIndex;
    }
    return true;
  } else if (const auto *DIE = dyn_cast<CXXDefaultInitExpr>(Initializer)) {
    return this->visitInitializer(DIE->getExpr());
  } else if (const auto *AILE = dyn_cast<ArrayInitLoopExpr>(Initializer)) {
    // TODO: This compiles to quite a lot of bytecode if the array is larger.
    //   Investigate compiling this to a loop, or at least try to use
    //   the AILE's Common expr.
    const Expr *SubExpr = AILE->getSubExpr();
    size_t Size = AILE->getArraySize().getZExtValue();
    std::optional<PrimType> ElemT = classify(SubExpr->getType());
 
    // So, every iteration, we execute an assignment here
    // where the LHS is on the stack (the target array)
    // and the RHS is our SubExpr.
    for (size_t I = 0; I != Size; ++I) {
      ArrayIndexScope<Emitter> IndexScope(this, I);
 
      if (ElemT) {
        if (!this->visit(SubExpr))
          return false;
        if (!this->emitInitElem(*ElemT, I, Initializer))
          return false;
      } else {
        // Get to our array element and recurse into visitInitializer()
        if (!this->emitConstUint64(I, SubExpr))
          return false;
        if (!this->emitArrayElemPtrUint64(SubExpr))
          return false;
        if (!visitInitializer(SubExpr))
          return false;
        if (!this->emitPopPtr(Initializer))
          return false;
      }
    }
    return true;
  } else if (const auto *IVIE = dyn_cast<ImplicitValueInitExpr>(Initializer)) {
    const ArrayType *AT = IVIE->getType()->getAsArrayTypeUnsafe();
    assert(AT);
    const auto *CAT = cast<ConstantArrayType>(AT);
    size_t NumElems = CAT->getSize().getZExtValue();
 
    if (std::optional<PrimType> ElemT = classify(CAT->getElementType())) {
      // TODO(perf): For int and bool types, we can probably just skip this
      //   since we memset our Block*s to 0 and so we have the desired value
      //   without this.
      for (size_t I = 0; I != NumElems; ++I) {
        if (!this->emitZero(*ElemT, Initializer))
          return false;
        if (!this->emitInitElem(*ElemT, I, Initializer))
          return false;
      }
    } else {
      assert(false && "default initializer for non-primitive type");
    }
 
    return true;
  } else if (const auto *Ctor = dyn_cast<CXXConstructExpr>(Initializer)) {
    const ConstantArrayType *CAT =
        Ctx.getASTContext().getAsConstantArrayType(Ctor->getType());
    assert(CAT);
    size_t NumElems = CAT->getSize().getZExtValue();
    const Function *Func = getFunction(Ctor->getConstructor());
    if (!Func || !Func->isConstexpr())
      return false;
 
    // FIXME(perf): We're calling the constructor once per array element here,
    //   in the old intepreter we had a special-case for trivial constructors.
    for (size_t I = 0; I != NumElems; ++I) {
      if (!this->emitConstUint64(I, Initializer))
        return false;
      if (!this->emitArrayElemPtrUint64(Initializer))
        return false;
 
      // Constructor arguments.
      for (const auto *Arg : Ctor->arguments()) {
        if (!this->visit(Arg))
          return false;
      }
 
      if (!this->emitCall(Func, Initializer))
        return false;
    }
    return true;
  } else if (const auto *SL = dyn_cast<StringLiteral>(Initializer)) {
    const ConstantArrayType *CAT =
        Ctx.getASTContext().getAsConstantArrayType(SL->getType());
    assert(CAT && "a string literal that's not a constant array?");
 
    // If the initializer string is too long, a diagnostic has already been
    // emitted. Read only the array length from the string literal.
    unsigned N =
        std::min(unsigned(CAT->getSize().getZExtValue()), SL->getLength());
    size_t CharWidth = SL->getCharByteWidth();
 
    for (unsigned I = 0; I != N; ++I) {
      uint32_t CodeUnit = SL->getCodeUnit(I);
 
      if (CharWidth == 1) {
        this->emitConstSint8(CodeUnit, SL);
        this->emitInitElemSint8(I, SL);
      } else if (CharWidth == 2) {
        this->emitConstUint16(CodeUnit, SL);
        this->emitInitElemUint16(I, SL);
      } else if (CharWidth == 4) {
        this->emitConstUint32(CodeUnit, SL);
        this->emitInitElemUint32(I, SL);
      } else {
        llvm_unreachable("unsupported character width");
      }
    }
    return true;
  } else if (const auto *CLE = dyn_cast<CompoundLiteralExpr>(Initializer)) {
    return visitInitializer(CLE->getInitializer());
  } else if (const auto *EWC = dyn_cast<ExprWithCleanups>(Initializer)) {
    return visitInitializer(EWC->getSubExpr());
  }
 
  assert(false && "Unknown expression for array initialization");
  return false;
}
 
template <class Emitter>
bool ByteCodeExprGen<Emitter>::visitRecordInitializer(const Expr *Initializer) {
  Initializer = Initializer->IgnoreParenImpCasts();
  assert(Initializer->getType()->isRecordType());
 
  if (const auto CtorExpr = dyn_cast<CXXConstructExpr>(Initializer)) {
    const Function *Func = getFunction(CtorExpr->getConstructor());
 
    if (!Func || !Func->isConstexpr())
      return false;
 
    // The This pointer is already on the stack because this is an initializer,
    // but we need to dup() so the call() below has its own copy.
    if (!this->emitDupPtr(Initializer))
      return false;
 
    // Constructor arguments.
    for (const auto *Arg : CtorExpr->arguments()) {
      if (!this->visit(Arg))
        return false;
    }
 
    return this->emitCall(Func, Initializer);
  } else if (const auto *InitList = dyn_cast<InitListExpr>(Initializer)) {
    const Record *R = getRecord(InitList->getType());
 
    unsigned InitIndex = 0;
    for (const Expr *Init : InitList->inits()) {
      const Record::Field *FieldToInit = R->getField(InitIndex);
 
      if (!this->emitDupPtr(Initializer))
        return false;
 
      if (std::optional<PrimType> T = classify(Init)) {
        if (!this->visit(Init))
          return false;
 
        if (!this->emitInitField(*T, FieldToInit->Offset, Initializer))
          return false;
 
        if (!this->emitPopPtr(Initializer))
          return false;
      } else {
        // Non-primitive case. Get a pointer to the field-to-initialize
        // on the stack and recurse into visitInitializer().
        if (!this->emitGetPtrField(FieldToInit->Offset, Init))
          return false;
 
        if (!this->visitInitializer(Init))
          return false;
 
        if (!this->emitPopPtr(Initializer))
          return false;
      }
      ++InitIndex;
    }
 
    return true;
  } else if (const CallExpr *CE = dyn_cast<CallExpr>(Initializer)) {
    // RVO functions expect a pointer to initialize on the stack.
    // Dup our existing pointer so it has its own copy to use.
    if (!this->emitDupPtr(Initializer))
      return false;
 
    return this->VisitCallExpr(CE);
  } else if (const auto *DIE = dyn_cast<CXXDefaultInitExpr>(Initializer)) {
    return this->visitInitializer(DIE->getExpr());
  } else if (const auto *CE = dyn_cast<CastExpr>(Initializer)) {
    return this->visitInitializer(CE->getSubExpr());
  } else if (const auto *CE = dyn_cast<CXXBindTemporaryExpr>(Initializer)) {
    return this->visitInitializer(CE->getSubExpr());
  }
 
  return false;
}
 
template <class Emitter>
bool ByteCodeExprGen<Emitter>::visitInitializer(const Expr *Initializer) {
  QualType InitializerType = Initializer->getType();
 
  if (InitializerType->isArrayType())
    return visitArrayInitializer(Initializer);
 
  if (InitializerType->isRecordType())
    return visitRecordInitializer(Initializer);
 
  // Otherwise, visit the expression like normal.
  return this->visit(Initializer);
}
 
template <class Emitter>
const RecordType *ByteCodeExprGen<Emitter>::getRecordTy(QualType Ty) {
  if (const PointerType *PT = dyn_cast<PointerType>(Ty))
    return PT->getPointeeType()->getAs<RecordType>();
  else
    return Ty->getAs<RecordType>();
}
 
template <class Emitter>
Record *ByteCodeExprGen<Emitter>::getRecord(QualType Ty) {
  if (auto *RecordTy = getRecordTy(Ty)) {
    return getRecord(RecordTy->getDecl());
  }
  return nullptr;
}
 
template <class Emitter>
Record *ByteCodeExprGen<Emitter>::getRecord(const RecordDecl *RD) {
  return P.getOrCreateRecord(RD);
}
 
template <class Emitter>
const Function *ByteCodeExprGen<Emitter>::getFunction(const FunctionDecl *FD) {
  assert(FD);
  const Function *Func = P.getFunction(FD);
  bool IsBeingCompiled = Func && !Func->isFullyCompiled();
  bool WasNotDefined = Func && !Func->hasBody();
 
  if (IsBeingCompiled)
    return Func;
 
  if (!Func || WasNotDefined) {
    if (auto R = ByteCodeStmtGen<ByteCodeEmitter>(Ctx, P).compileFunc(FD))
      Func = *R;
    else {
      llvm::consumeError(R.takeError());
      return nullptr;
    }
  }
 
  return Func;
}
 
template <class Emitter>
bool ByteCodeExprGen<Emitter>::visitExpr(const Expr *Exp) {
  ExprScope<Emitter> RootScope(this);
  if (!visit(Exp))
    return false;
 
  if (std::optional<PrimType> T = classify(Exp))
    return this->emitRet(*T, Exp);
  else
    return this->emitRetValue(Exp);
}
 
/// Toplevel visitDecl().
/// We get here from evaluateAsInitializer().
/// We need to evaluate the initializer and return its value.
template <class Emitter>
bool ByteCodeExprGen<Emitter>::visitDecl(const VarDecl *VD) {
  assert(!VD->isInvalidDecl() && "Trying to constant evaluate an invalid decl");
  std::optional<PrimType> VarT = classify(VD->getType());
 
  // Create and initialize the variable.
  if (!this->visitVarDecl(VD))
    return false;
 
  // Get a pointer to the variable
  if (shouldBeGloballyIndexed(VD)) {
    auto GlobalIndex = P.getGlobal(VD);
    assert(GlobalIndex); // visitVarDecl() didn't return false.
    if (!this->emitGetPtrGlobal(*GlobalIndex, VD))
      return false;
  } else {
    auto Local = Locals.find(VD);
    assert(Local != Locals.end()); // Same here.
    if (!this->emitGetPtrLocal(Local->second.Offset, VD))
      return false;
  }
 
  // Return the value
  if (VarT) {
    if (!this->emitLoadPop(*VarT, VD))
      return false;
 
    return this->emitRet(*VarT, VD);
  }
 
  return this->emitRetValue(VD);
}
 
template <class Emitter>
bool ByteCodeExprGen<Emitter>::visitVarDecl(const VarDecl *VD) {
  // We don't know what to do with these, so just return false.
  if (VD->getType().isNull())
    return false;
 
  const Expr *Init = VD->getInit();
  std::optional<PrimType> VarT = classify(VD->getType());
 
  if (shouldBeGloballyIndexed(VD)) {
    std::optional<unsigned> GlobalIndex = P.getOrCreateGlobal(VD, Init);
 
    if (!GlobalIndex)
      return this->bail(VD);
 
    assert(Init);
    {
      DeclScope<Emitter> LocalScope(this, VD);
 
      if (VarT) {
        if (!this->visit(Init))
          return false;
        return this->emitInitGlobal(*VarT, *GlobalIndex, VD);
      }
      return this->visitGlobalInitializer(Init, *GlobalIndex);
    }
  } else {
    VariableScope<Emitter> LocalScope(this);
    if (VarT) {
      unsigned Offset = this->allocateLocalPrimitive(
          VD, *VarT, VD->getType().isConstQualified());
      if (Init) {
        // Compile the initializer in its own scope.
        ExprScope<Emitter> Scope(this);
        if (!this->visit(Init))
          return false;
 
        return this->emitSetLocal(*VarT, Offset, VD);
      }
    } else {
      if (std::optional<unsigned> Offset = this->allocateLocal(VD)) {
        if (Init)
          return this->visitLocalInitializer(Init, *Offset);
      }
    }
    return true;
  }
 
  return false;
}
 
template <class Emitter>
bool ByteCodeExprGen<Emitter>::VisitBuiltinCallExpr(const CallExpr *E) {
  const Function *Func = getFunction(E->getDirectCallee());
  if (!Func)
    return false;
 
  // Put arguments on the stack.
  for (const auto *Arg : E->arguments()) {
    if (!this->visit(Arg))
      return false;
  }
 
  if (!this->emitCallBI(Func, E))
    return false;
 
  QualType ReturnType = E->getCallReturnType(Ctx.getASTContext());
  if (DiscardResult && !ReturnType->isVoidType()) {
    PrimType T = classifyPrim(ReturnType);
    return this->emitPop(T, E);
  }
 
  return true;
}
 
template <class Emitter>
bool ByteCodeExprGen<Emitter>::VisitCallExpr(const CallExpr *E) {
  if (E->getBuiltinCallee())
    return VisitBuiltinCallExpr(E);
 
  const Decl *Callee = E->getCalleeDecl();
  if (const auto *FuncDecl = dyn_cast_if_present<FunctionDecl>(Callee)) {
    const Function *Func = getFunction(FuncDecl);
    if (!Func)
      return false;
    // If the function is being compiled right now, this is a recursive call.
    // In that case, the function can't be valid yet, even though it will be
    // later.
    // If the function is already fully compiled but not constexpr, it was
    // found to be faulty earlier on, so bail out.
    if (Func->isFullyCompiled() && !Func->isConstexpr())
      return false;
 
    QualType ReturnType = E->getCallReturnType(Ctx.getASTContext());
    std::optional<PrimType> T = classify(ReturnType);
 
    if (Func->hasRVO() && DiscardResult) {
      // If we need to discard the return value but the function returns its
      // value via an RVO pointer, we need to create one such pointer just
      // for this call.
      if (std::optional<unsigned> LocalIndex = allocateLocal(E)) {
        if (!this->emitGetPtrLocal(*LocalIndex, E))
          return false;
      }
    }
 
    // Put arguments on the stack.
    for (const auto *Arg : E->arguments()) {
      if (!this->visit(Arg))
        return false;
    }
 
    // In any case call the function. The return value will end up on the stack
    // and if the function has RVO, we already have the pointer on the stack to
    // write the result into.
    if (!this->emitCall(Func, E))
      return false;
 
    if (DiscardResult && !ReturnType->isVoidType() && T)
      return this->emitPop(*T, E);
 
    return true;
  } else {
    assert(false && "We don't support non-FunctionDecl callees right now.");
  }
 
  return false;
}
 
template <class Emitter>
bool ByteCodeExprGen<Emitter>::VisitCXXMemberCallExpr(
    const CXXMemberCallExpr *E) {
  // Get a This pointer on the stack.
  if (!this->visit(E->getImplicitObjectArgument()))
    return false;
 
  return VisitCallExpr(E);
}
 
template <class Emitter>
bool ByteCodeExprGen<Emitter>::VisitCXXDefaultInitExpr(
    const CXXDefaultInitExpr *E) {
  return this->visit(E->getExpr());
}
 
template <class Emitter>
bool ByteCodeExprGen<Emitter>::VisitCXXDefaultArgExpr(
    const CXXDefaultArgExpr *E) {
  return this->visit(E->getExpr());
}
 
template <class Emitter>
bool ByteCodeExprGen<Emitter>::VisitCXXBoolLiteralExpr(
    const CXXBoolLiteralExpr *E) {
  if (DiscardResult)
    return true;
 
  return this->emitConstBool(E->getValue(), E);
}
 
template <class Emitter>
bool ByteCodeExprGen<Emitter>::VisitCXXNullPtrLiteralExpr(
    const CXXNullPtrLiteralExpr *E) {
  if (DiscardResult)
    return true;
 
  return this->emitNullPtr(E);
}
 
template <class Emitter>
bool ByteCodeExprGen<Emitter>::VisitCXXThisExpr(const CXXThisExpr *E) {
  if (DiscardResult)
    return true;
  return this->emitThis(E);
}
 
template <class Emitter>
bool ByteCodeExprGen<Emitter>::VisitUnaryOperator(const UnaryOperator *E) {
  const Expr *SubExpr = E->getSubExpr();
  std::optional<PrimType> T = classify(SubExpr->getType());
 
  switch (E->getOpcode()) {
  case UO_PostInc: { // x++
    if (!this->visit(SubExpr))
      return false;
 
    if (T == PT_Ptr) {
      if (!this->emitIncPtr(E))
        return false;
 
      return DiscardResult ? this->emitPopPtr(E) : true;
    }
 
    return DiscardResult ? this->emitIncPop(*T, E) : this->emitInc(*T, E);
  }
  case UO_PostDec: { // x--
    if (!this->visit(SubExpr))
      return false;
 
    if (T == PT_Ptr) {
      if (!this->emitDecPtr(E))
        return false;
 
      return DiscardResult ? this->emitPopPtr(E) : true;
    }
 
    return DiscardResult ? this->emitDecPop(*T, E) : this->emitDec(*T, E);
  }
  case UO_PreInc: { // ++x
    if (!this->visit(SubExpr))
      return false;
 
    if (T == PT_Ptr) {
      this->emitLoadPtr(E);
      this->emitConstUint8(1, E);
      this->emitAddOffsetUint8(E);
      return DiscardResult ? this->emitStorePopPtr(E) : this->emitStorePtr(E);
    }
 
    // Post-inc and pre-inc are the same if the value is to be discarded.
    if (DiscardResult)
      return this->emitIncPop(*T, E);
 
    this->emitLoad(*T, E);
    this->emitConst(1, E);
    this->emitAdd(*T, E);
    return this->emitStore(*T, E);
  }
  case UO_PreDec: { // --x
    if (!this->visit(SubExpr))
      return false;
 
    if (T == PT_Ptr) {
      this->emitLoadPtr(E);
      this->emitConstUint8(1, E);
      this->emitSubOffsetUint8(E);
      return DiscardResult ? this->emitStorePopPtr(E) : this->emitStorePtr(E);
    }
 
    // Post-dec and pre-dec are the same if the value is to be discarded.
    if (DiscardResult)
      return this->emitDecPop(*T, E);
 
    this->emitLoad(*T, E);
    this->emitConst(1, E);
    this->emitSub(*T, E);
    return this->emitStore(*T, E);
  }
  case UO_LNot: // !x
    if (!this->visit(SubExpr))
      return false;
    // The Inv doesn't change anything, so skip it if we don't need the result.
    return DiscardResult ? this->emitPop(*T, E) : this->emitInvBool(E);
  case UO_Minus: // -x
    if (!this->visit(SubExpr))
      return false;
    return DiscardResult ? this->emitPop(*T, E) : this->emitNeg(*T, E);
  case UO_Plus:  // +x
    if (!this->visit(SubExpr)) // noop
      return false;
    return DiscardResult ? this->emitPop(*T, E) : true;
  case UO_AddrOf: // &x
    // We should already have a pointer when we get here.
    if (!this->visit(SubExpr))
      return false;
    return DiscardResult ? this->emitPop(*T, E) : true;
  case UO_Deref:  // *x
    return dereference(
        SubExpr, DerefKind::Read,
        [](PrimType) {
          llvm_unreachable("Dereferencing requires a pointer");
          return false;
        },
        [this, E](PrimType T) {
          return DiscardResult ? this->emitPop(T, E) : true;
        });
  case UO_Not:    // ~x
    if (!this->visit(SubExpr))
      return false;
    return DiscardResult ? this->emitPop(*T, E) : this->emitComp(*T, E);
  case UO_Real:   // __real x
  case UO_Imag:   // __imag x
  case UO_Extension:
  case UO_Coawait:
    assert(false && "Unhandled opcode");
  }
 
  return false;
}
 
template <class Emitter>
bool ByteCodeExprGen<Emitter>::VisitDeclRefExpr(const DeclRefExpr *E) {
  const auto *Decl = E->getDecl();
  // References are implemented via pointers, so when we see a DeclRefExpr
  // pointing to a reference, we need to get its value directly (i.e. the
  // pointer to the actual value) instead of a pointer to the pointer to the
  // value.
  bool IsReference = Decl->getType()->isReferenceType();
 
  if (auto It = Locals.find(Decl); It != Locals.end()) {
    const unsigned Offset = It->second.Offset;
 
    if (IsReference)
      return this->emitGetLocal(PT_Ptr, Offset, E);
    return this->emitGetPtrLocal(Offset, E);
  } else if (auto GlobalIndex = P.getGlobal(Decl)) {
    if (IsReference)
      return this->emitGetGlobal(PT_Ptr, *GlobalIndex, E);
 
    return this->emitGetPtrGlobal(*GlobalIndex, E);
  } else if (const auto *PVD = dyn_cast<ParmVarDecl>(Decl)) {
    if (auto It = this->Params.find(PVD); It != this->Params.end()) {
      if (IsReference)
        return this->emitGetParam(PT_Ptr, It->second, E);
      return this->emitGetPtrParam(It->second, E);
    }
  } else if (const auto *ECD = dyn_cast<EnumConstantDecl>(Decl)) {
    return this->emitConst(ECD->getInitVal(), E);
  } else if (const auto *BD = dyn_cast<BindingDecl>(Decl)) {
    return this->visit(BD->getBinding());
  }
 
  return false;
}
 
template <class Emitter>
void ByteCodeExprGen<Emitter>::emitCleanup() {
  for (VariableScope<Emitter> *C = VarScope; C; C = C->getParent())
    C->emitDestruction();
}
 
namespace clang {
namespace interp {
 
template class ByteCodeExprGen<ByteCodeEmitter>;
template class ByteCodeExprGen<EvalEmitter>;
 
} // namespace interp
} // namespace clang